Electronic Analysis & Design-I

EEN 265

Week 3

Instructor- Suman Chowdhury

 Electronics -I

Transition and Diffusion capacitance

Diode Testing
Load Line Analysis
Half Wave Rectifier
Full Wave Rectifier

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 TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION
CAPACITANCE
In the p-n semiconductor diode, there are 2 capacitive
effects to be considered.
Both types of capacitance are present in the forward- and
reverse-bias regions.
In the reverse-bias region we have the transition- or
depletion-region capacitance (CT), while in the forward-
bias region we have the diffusion (CD) or storage
capacitance.

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 TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION
CAPACITANCE

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 TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION
CAPACITANCE

C
A C  Capaci tan ce
d
 Permittivity
A  Area
d  Distance
In case of Diode deplation layer is “d”,

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 TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION
CAPACITANCE
In case of Reverse bias condition deplation layer
increases. So, transition capacitance decreases.

Α
C () 
d ()

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 Diode Testing Under forward bias condition
forward Resistance is relatively
low.

Under reverse bias condition

reverse Resistance is relatively
high.

So, A high resistance reading

in both directions obviously
indicates an open (defective
device) condition.

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While a very low resistance
reading in both directions will
 Load Line Analysis
The operating point of Diode on I-V characteristics
depends on external load connected.

Suppose this
diode is
operating at this
point

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 Load Line Analysis
If the analysis is performed in a graphical manner, a
line can be drawn on the characteristics of the device
that represents the applied load.

The intersection of the load line with the

characteristics will determine the point of operation of
the system. Such an analysis is, for obvious reasons,
called load-line analysis.

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 Load Line Analysis

By applying Kirchhoff’s voltage

law to the series circuit-

E  VD  I D R

The two variables of (VD and ID)

are the same as the diode axis
variables . And this is the Eqn of
Straight line.
So we can easily plot this Eqn. on output characteristics of
Diode.
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 Load Line Analysis
Intersection of this eqn. on ID Axis is-

E
ID 
R VD  0
Intersection of this eqn. on VD Axis is-

VD  E I
D 0

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 Load Line Analysis

 The point of operation is usually called the quiescent point

(abbreviated “Q-pt.”)
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 Crystal Diode Rectifiers
Rectifier: Rectifier is that circuit, that converts ac to
dc.

The following two types of rectifier circuit can be

used:

I. Half wave rectifier

II. Full wave rectifier

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 Half wave Rectifier
 The process of removing one-half the input signal to
establish a dc level is called half-wave rectification.
 In Half wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current
during positive half cycle of input ac signal only.
 Negative half cycle is suppressed.

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 Half wave Rectifier
 AC voltage across
secondary terminals AB
changes its polarity after
each half cycle.

During negative half

cycle terminal A is
negative so diode is
reversed biased and
conducts no current.
So, current flows through diode during positive half cycle only.

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In this way current flows through load RL in one direction only
 Half wave Rectifier
Disadvantage of Half wave rectifier:

 The pulsating current in output contains ac components

whose frequency is equal to supply frequency so filtering
is needed.

 The ac supply delivers power during half cycle only so

output is low.

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 Half wave Rectifier
Output frequency of HWR:

 Output frequency of HWR is

equal to input frequency.

This means when input ac

completes one cycle, rectified wave
also completes one cycle.

f out  f in

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 Formula

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 Vdc  0.318Vm  VT 

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 Full-Wave Rectifier
In Full wave rectification current flow through the load
in same direction for both half cycle of input ac.

This can be achieved with two diodes working

alternatively.

For one half cycle one diode supplies current to load

and for next half cycle another diode works.

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 Centre Tap Full Wave Rectifier

Circuit has two diodes D1 , D2 and a centre tap transformer.

During positive half cycle Diode D1 conducts and during
negative half cycle Diode D2 conducts.
It can be seen that current through load RL is in the same
direction for both cycle.
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 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Need for centre tapped PT is eliminated.

Consists of 4 diodes instead of 2.

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 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

 During period t=0 to t=T/2 D2 and D3

are conducting while D1 and D4 are in
the “off” state.

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 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

During period t=T/2 to t=T D1 and D4 are

conducting while D2 and D3 are in the “off” state.

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 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Over one full cycle the input and output voltages

will appear as shown in Fig.

Vdc  2 * 0.318Vm   0.636Vm

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 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
What happens if we use silicon Diode instead of ideal
Diode??

Vdc  0.636Vm  2VT 

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 Full wave Rectifier
Output frequency of FWR:

 Output frequency of FWR is

equal to double of input frequency.

This means when input ac

completes one cycle, rectified wave
completes two cycle.

f out  2 f in

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 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Advantage:
I. Need for centre tap Xformer is eliminated.
II. PIV is one half of that of centre tap circuit.
III. Output is twice than that of centre tap circuit.

Disadvantage
I. Requires 4 diodes.
II. Internal resistance voltage drop is twice than
that of Centre Tap Circuit.

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36 PIV  5V
 Ripple Factor
The ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component
in the rectifier output is known as ripple factor.

rms value of ac component I ac

Ripple factor  
value of dc component I dc

Ripple factor is very important in deciding the effectiveness

of rectifier.
Larger the ripple factor, larger the effect of ac component.
Smaller the ripple factor, smaller the effect of ac component.

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 Ripple Factor

For Half Wave Rectifier:

Im Im
I rms  , I dc 
2 

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 Ripple Factor

For FullWave Rectifier:

Im 2I m
I rms  , I dc 
2 

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 Filter Circuit

The most commonly used filter circuits are-

1. Capacitor Filter
2. Choke input Filter
3. Pi- Filter

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 Capacitor Filter

Capacitor is placed in parallel with load RL.

Capacitor offers infinite resistance to DC, so DC can not pass
through capacitor.
Initially capacitor is charged to max value Vm, and the output
reaches to point A.
Then capacitor starts to decrease shown by line AB.
But at that instance another peak appears at the input and
capacitor is again charged.
41 Thus, only little ripple is left in the output.
 Choke Input Filter

This filter consists of a choke(L) connected in series with

the load and Capacitor (C) connected in parallel with the
load.
Choke offers high opposition to ac component but
negligible opposition to dc component.
Result is most of the ac component appears across choke
and dc component across load.
Thus only small amount of ripple remains in the output.
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 Pi- Filter

It consists of capacitor C1 connected across rectifier output,

choke connected in series and another filter capacitor
connected in parallel across load.
C1 offers low reactance to ac component but very high
reactance to dc.
 Choke L offers high resistance to ac but low resistance to dc.

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 Pi- Filter
Capacitor C2 offers low resistance to ac, thus
bypassing remaining ac components that C1 failed to
block.
Therefore dc components appears across load.

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