By Himanshu Gupta 2k10/PE/012

Contents
Definition History Technologies

A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area.

Definition

The first touch screen was a capacitive touch screen developed by E.A. Johnson at the Royal Radar Establishment, Malvern, UK.

The HP-150 from 1983 was one of the world's earliest commercial touchscreen computers.

Touchscreens would not be popularly used for video games until the release of the Nintendo DS in 2004.

From 19791985, the Fairlight CMI (and Fairlight CMI IIx) was a high-end musical sampling and resynthesis workstation that utilized light pen technology

History

 Resistive

Capacitive

Surface Acoustic Wave

Infrared

Optical Imaging

Dispersive Signal Technology

Acoustic pulse recognition

Technologies

A resistive touchscreen panel consists of two thin, electrically conductive layers separated by a narrow gap. When the outer layer is touched it causes the conductive layers to touch creating a signal that the analog controller can interpret and determine what the user wants to be done. Resistive touch is used in restaurants, factories and hospitals due to its high resistance to liquids and contaminants and is highly cost effective

Resistive Touch

A capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an insulator such as glass, coated with a transparent conductor such as indium tin oxide (ITO). The human body is also an electrical conductor, touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the screen's electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch. The location is then sent to the controller for processing.

Capacitive

Capacitive

Projected capacitance Self Capacitance

Surface Capacitance

Mutual Capacitance

Classification

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touchscreen panel When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This change in the ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and sends this information to the controller for processing.

Surface Acoustic Wave

An infrared touchscreen uses an array of X-Y infrared LED and photodetector pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams. LED beams cross each other in vertical and horizontal patterns. Helps the sensors pick up the exact location of the touch. Advantages:

it can detect essentially any input including a finger, gloved finger, stylus or pen Unlike capacitive touchscreens, infrared touchscreens do not require any patterning on the glass which increases durability and optical clarity of the overall system.

Infrared

In this, two or more image sensors are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared back lights are placed in the camera's field of view on the other side of the screen. A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be pinpointed to locate the touch or even measure the size of the touching object (see visual hull). Advantage: It is affordable, scalable, versatile

Optical Imaging

It is Introduced in 2002 by 3M. This system uses sensors to detect the Piezoelectricity in the glass that occurs due to a touch. Complex algorithms then interpret this information and provide the actual location of the touch.

Dispersive signal technology

It is introduced by Tyco International's Elo division in 2006. Principle: Touch at each position on the glass generates a unique sound. Four tiny transducers attached to the edges of the touchscreen glass pick up the sound of the touch. The sound is then digitized by the controller and compared to a list of prerecorded sounds for every position on the glass. The cursor position is instantly updated to the touch location.

Acoustic pulse recognition