Mechanical Characterization of Nanocomposite Dental

Material

Presented by
Amit Gourav
Vishal Kumar
Pawan Kumar
Sugandha Kumari
Under the supervision of
Dr. Shiv Ranjan Kumar
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
BCE Bhagalpur, India
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Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2. Review of Literature

Chapter 3. Materials and Methodology (to be done)

Chapter 4. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dental Composites (to be done)

Chapter 5. Wear characterization of dental composite (to be done)

Chapter 6. FEM of mechanical and wear behavior of dental composites (to be done)

Chapter 7. Summary, Conclusions and Scope for Future Work (to be done)

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 Introduction
A systemically and pharmacologically inert substance designed
for implantation within or incorporation with living system” (The
Clemson University advisory Board for Biomaterials).

The polymeric biomaterial offers many advantages over metal or

ceramic materials like ease of manufacturability to produce
various shapes (latex, film, sheet, fibers, etc.), ease of secondary
processability, and ease of stronger bonding with the native tissue,
reasonable cost, and availability with desired mechanical,
physical, optical, tribological properties.

Synthetic polymeric biomaterials have been widely used in dental

materials, implants, dressings, medical disposable equipments,
prosthetic materials, extracorporeal devices, encapsulants,
polymeric drug delivery systems, tissue engineered products. 3
 History of Dental Materials

Dating as early as 500 B.C. - present

 Metals – gold

 Prosthetics of bone, ivory, wax, metals

 Porcelains – late 1700’s

 Amalgam – early 1800’s

 Adhesive dentistry – 1970’s - present

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 Composition of Dental Composite
The presently available dental composites consist of a polymer
matrix (organic phase), inorganic filler particles (dispersed phase),
a filler-matrix coupling agent (interface), and minor additives
including polymerization initiators, stabilizers and coloring
pigments
Recent improvements have been achieved mainly through the
discovery of organic monomers, modifications in formulation and
filler technology, advances in light curing equipment and the
introduction of efficient photo initiators.

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 Literature review
Table 1 Elements of Dental Wear Processes [1-3]
All possible Causes of Wear Type of wear Lubricant Substrate Opponent Abrasive

Noncontact Three-body Saliva/food Tooth/restoration -------------- Food

Physiological wear
causes of wear Direct contact Two- body Saliva Tooth/restoration Tooth/restoration --------------
wear
Sliding contact Two- body Saliva Tooth/restoration Tooth/restoration --------------
wear

Bruxism Two- body Saliva Tooth/restoration Tooth/restoration --------------

Pathological
causes Xerostomia Two- body ----------------- Tooth/restoration Tooth/restoration ----------------
of wear ----
Erosion --------- Saliva Tooth/restoration ----------------- ----------------
--
Unusual habits Two- body Saliva Tooth/restoration Foreign body ----------------
— --
Toothbrush and Three-body Water Tooth/restoration Toothbrush dentifrice
Prophylactic dentifrice
causes Prophylactic Three-body Water Tooth/restoration Polishing cup Pumice
of wear pastes
Scaling and Two- body Water Tooth/restoration Instrument ----------------
cleaning -
Cutting burrs/ Two- body Water Tooth/restoration Burr ----------------
Cutting, Diamond ---
finishing, Finishing burrs Two- body Water Tooth/restoration Burr ----------------
polishing ---
Polishing pastes Three-body Water Tooth/restoration Polishing Cap Abrasive
slurry 6
The objectives of the project work are outlined as follows

1. Fabrication of a series of dental composites with varying

hydroxyapatite nanoparticles content.
2. To study the role of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on physical and
mechanical properties of dental composite
3. To study the role of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on wear properties
of dental composite
4. FEM of Mechanical and wear behavior of dental composite

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 Methodology

Preparation of the dental composite

(a). Polymerization Initiation
1.The resinous matrix is mixed in a container and kept under sonication for 2 h to
obtain a homogeneous mixture.
2.The container is covered with aluminum foil to reduce light initiated
polymerization.
3.The Camphorquinone is added to the resin matrix as a polymerization initiator
followed by the addition of Ethyl-4-dimethylamino benzoate (EDMAB) as an
accelerator. The mixture is stirred thoroughly up to 6 h to ensure uniform
distribution.
4.To prevent spontaneous polymerization, 1 wt % BHT is added.
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(b). Filler Treatment
1. The treatment solution is prepared by addition first of 10 wt% of MPS
relative to filler in a solution 70/30 wt% acetone/water.
2. The filler particles are added to the treatment solution and stirred for
approximately 1 h.
3. The mixture is filtered and washed with acetone and then the treated filler is
dried in an oven for 24 h.
(C). Curing of composite
1. Silane treated fillers are added as per proposed formulations
2. Curing is done using LED Light Curing Unit (make dental Arc ,Mumbai)
3. Four different set of composites will be fabricated.
4.Samples are kept in distilled water at 37 0C up to 24 hr
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 Physical characterization
Density and Void contents
 The % void content in the composites is calculated using the following equation [158]:
 theoretical   apparent
% void contents =  theoretical (3.1)

 The theoretical density (ρct) of composite materials in terms of weight fraction can
easily be obtained as for the following equations:
1
 theoretical 
w BISGMA

wTEGDMA w w w
 CQ  EDMAB  Si (3.2)
 BISGMA TEGDMA  CQ  EDMAB  Si

1
 theoretical 
w BISGMA wTEGDMA w w w
 BISGMA

TEGDMA
 CQ  EDMAB  Al
 CQ  EDMAB  Al (3.3)
1
 theoretcial 
w BISGMA wTEGDMA w w w
  CQ  EDMAB  Zr
 BISGMA TEGDMA  CQ  EDMAB  Zr (3.4)
1
 theoretical 
w BISGMA wTEGDMA w w w
  CQ  EDMAB  Gy
 BISGMA TEGDMA  CQ  EDMAB  Gy

(3.5)
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 The apparent density (ρapparent) of the composite, however can be determined
 Mechanical Characterization

Vickers Micro Hardness Test:

Prior to testing, the cured samples are kept in the
distilled water at temperature 370C for 24 h. The
test is carried out with a micro-hardness tester
(Walter UHL VMHT). A load of 300 g is applied
for 10 s. Six indentations were made on each
sample. The mean value (d) of six indentations on
each sample is estimated. The HV values are
calculated accordance to the ASTM E384-11e1
standard using the following equation:

Figure 1 Photograph of
hardness tester
(6)

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 Mechanical Characterization
Compressive Strength Test: The cured
composite specimens (Ø5 mm×6 mm) are
tested in compression mode to measure their
compressive strength (ASTM standard D695-
08). Tests are performed on Universal Testing
machine UTM Instron 1195 using a load rate of
2 N/sec. The compressive strength is calculated
using the equation below:

(5)

Where D = Diameter of pin size

sample Figure 2 Photograph of Instron
P= Applied Normal load 1195 UTM machine

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 Wear Characterization
Experimental apparatus and
methodology
The volumetric wear rate of each dental
composite is determined with a Dental
wear simulator (Ducom, Bangalore,
India) as shown in Fig 2. Dental wear
simulator is compatible to conduct tests
according to ASTM F732 test procedure.
Each experiment run is repeated twice
and the average value was reported to get
accuracy.

Figure 3 Dental Wear Simulator

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 Scanning Electron Microscopy
The surfaces of the specimens will be
examined directly by scanning electron
microscope, ZEISS, EVO50 with energy
dispersive X-ray analysis attached to SEM at
IIT Kanpur, India. The specimens after wear
test are sputter-coated with platinum to a
thickness of 5 nm (approx.). Worn surfaces of
representative resin composites after 20,000
oscillating load cycles are examined by SEM
(Nova Nano FE-SEM 450) at 5 kV
acceleration voltages. Figure 4 Scanning Electron
Microscope

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