GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2:

Lesson 1- Intermolecular
Forces
write a heading here
Kinetic Molecular Theory
• matter is composed of tiny particles that are always
in motion.
 Postulates of KMT
1.Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion.
2.The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its
temperature.
3.There is space between particles.
4.Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substances changes
sufficiently.
5.There are attractive forces in between particles called intermolecular
forces.
Based on the kinetic molecular model, solids
usually have higher densities compared to liquids.
However, ice, a solid form of H2O floats on liquid
water which means ice is less dense than water.
What do you think is the reason for this
observation? What is the biological significance of
this concept?
Intramolecular forces
vs.
Intermolecular forces
• Intramolecular forces (within molecules) forces
hold atoms together in a molecule.

• Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between

molecules.
Types of Intermolecular f0rces

• London Dispersion Forces- attraction between all atoms and

molecules result from the formation of temporary dipoles.
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-Attractions between an instantaneous dipole and an induced dipole.

-The tendency of an electron cloud to distort in this way is called

polarizability.
Types of Intermolecular f0rces

• Dipole-dipole forces- attractive forces between the positive end of

one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule.
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• The more polar the molecule, the higher is its boiling point.
Types of Intermolecular f0rces

• Hydrogen bonding-a special case of very strong dipole-dipole

interaction. It is not a chemical bond in a formal sense.
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• When hydrogen is bonded to one of those
very electronegative elements. The
hydrogen nucleus is exposed.
Types of Intermolecular f0rces

• Ion-dipole force- acts between an ion (either cation or anion) and a

polar molecule.
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IMF affect many
physical
properties
• Surface tension is the force that causes the surface of a
liquid to contract.
• Viscosity is the resistance of fluids to flow.
Viscosity

• It is related to the ease with which molecules can move past each
other.
• Viscosity increases with stronger intermolecular forces and
decreases
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• Capillary action- can be defined as the ascension of liquids
through slim tube, cylinder or permeable substance

1. Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules

(the liquid
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2. Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules (such as those in

water and in the particles that make up the glass tube).
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• Vapor Pressure- vaporization is a phase change from liquid to
gas, while the opposite process (gas to liquid) is condensation.
• Vaporization- broader term that includes evaporation and also
boiling.
• BUT gas and vapor are similar but not the same.
• Volatile substances- substances that evaporate readily.
• Example: alcohol, gasoline, paint thinner, dry cleaning
solvents
• Vapor Pressure- At any temperature, some molecules in a
liquid have enough energy to escape.
• As the temperature rises, some molecules that have enough
energy to escape increases.
• Vapor Pressure- equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its
liquid (or solid), or the pressure of the vapor resulting from
evaporation of a liquid above a sample of the liquid in a
closed container.

• ↑ temperature, ↑ evaporation time, ↑ vapor

molecules
• ↑ vapor molecules= ↑ vapor pressure
• Therefore, ↑ temperature= ↑ vapor pressure
• Boiling point- of a liquid is the temperature at which the
liquid changes into a gas.
• Molar heat of vaporization- (ΔHvap) is the energy required to
vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a given temperature. H is the
symbol for enthalpy, which means heat content at a given
standard condition.
• Heat of fusion- energy required to change a solid at its
melting point to a liquid.
Structure and
Properties
of Water
• Water has polar (charged) ends. This allows water to hydrogen bond with other
water molecules.
• High boiling point
• High specific heat
• High density in its liquid form
• High heat of vaporization
• High surface tension
Types and
Properties
of Solids
Phase diagrams display the state of a substance at various pressures and temperatures and
the places where equilibria exist between phases.