…

Q1.Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision

of education between 1947 and 1998? [7]

Secondly: Some 70% of the

Firstly:Lack of financial investment in population have been illiterate
and many children simply did not
◼
education by the successive governments.
Pakistan has high military expenditure go to school at all, rate of
due to which education has always been absenteeism and drop out are
given low priority ,less than 3% of the very high and it was estimated
budget is allocated to education… that more than half of the
students joining primary school
leave within 5 years..(financial
problems…families need work
Thirdly: There has been mismanagement in force….hidden costs of sending
establishing schools, designing curriculum and children to school etc)female
providing training to teachers and other education not promoted..
facilities and equipments to buildings, many
schools continued to function either without
buildings or in buildings with poor repair. A
government report of 1989 admitted that over
60%of government school buildings were
unsafe.
Q3.How successful has Pakistan been as a member of World
Organization between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer.
[14]
Successes Failures
•Pakistan’s failure to gain support for
Pakistan …an active member of UN ,it Kashmir issue….explanation of the dispute
participated fully in debates ,contributed in 1948
soldiers to peacekeeping forces and had •Failure to get any significant support in
members elected for UN Security Council Wars against India by UN ,seato ,CENTO
three times…. •Pakistan’s withdrawal from SEATO in
Spoke up against undue occupation of 1972…
Indonesia by Holland …in favour of •(smith pg207,208)
freedom movement in a number of •Kelly 192
countries such as Morocco and Algiers.. •Pakistan’s membership of the UN is its failure
Also taken up Palestinian issue in UN… to gain a solution to the Kashmir problem.
Membership of SEATO failed to secure any
Received a number of loans from the world protection for its problems with India or during
Bank to assist in economic development. the Bangladesh crisis and was mainly designed
UN agencies has been providing great to prevent communist aggression in South
support on humanitarian issue like East Asia. Pakistan also failed to secure aid
health,education etc..Afghan refugees through the organisation as well as a
earthquakes,floods..Canal Water issue permanent military force to protect its
SEATO and CENTO…. members. As a result Pakistan left in 1972.
OIC….RCD,ECO Membership of CENTO lapsed in 1979 mainly
as a result of the failure of the USA to join the
organisation.
Q4.Why was it important for the government of
Pakistan to resolve Kashmir issue in 1947?
[7]
Source of to
Firstly due water
the fact that It was a To help Kashmiris whose major
constant source of tension population was Muslim as 1947-
between India and Pakistan, 48 Hari Singh had been following
1948 both countries went to war – the policy of driving out Mulims
need to resolve issue for security …being fellow Muslim brothers it
purposes---to prevent future was our duty to help them…
wars…
Due to the source of water and and strategic importance …three
rivers came into Pakistan from Indian occupied Kashmir…
Pakistan ‘s economy threatened …completely dependent upon
water supplies coming from Jammu Kashmir…
Furthermore Kashmir’s strategic importance borders with
China,Afghanistan Russia and Tibet etc..
Its economic value…source of timber ,tourism,cottage industry
etc…
 .

Q2.Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999? [7]

[7]

Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly,

People wanted to acquire Many Pakisatanis were Britain’s 1962

better jobs ..development displaced after partition in Commonwealth
projects in middle eastern 1947,so becoming Immigration Act…
countries opened up job migrants twice..Later on introduced a voucher
opportunities in thousands of Pakistanis system to arrange jobs ..
construction and Tertiary were displaced due to the Moreover galmour and
sectors ..Britain offered construction of Tarbela and lifestyle of USA and other
well paid jobs after WW2 Mangla ,some used European countries also
FOR SKILLED AND compensation money to attracted them
UNSKILLED WORKERS move to Britain and seek Corruption,delayed justice,
both …. work… increased crime rate
created unrest among
people…..
Q5.Why has Siachin become an important issue between India and
Pakistan?
[7]

FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, THIRDLY,

Siachin Glacier had been Despite of the area being Pakistan mounted
a constant conflict extremely several attempts to drive
between Pakistan and unfavourable ,desolete out Indian
India .In 1977 Indian and infertile yet Pakistan forces .Constant
forces climbed up to the was dragged into skirmishes and shooting
Siachin glacier ,hence by it .Once both countries have continued since
1981 Pakistan decided to had staked a claim then 1980”s to the present
defend its interest before they had to stay and day…The death toll for
India claimed Siachin,it defend it .Siachin both countries is
became an important became an important estimated between 3000
issue because the symbol.. to 5000,infact more
borders had never been soldiers have been killed
properly drawn….and it by avalaunches ,extreme
was found that India had cold -55*c with a lack of
already encamped its oxygen…All the time
300troops… there has been a danger
that a serious incident on
the Siachin glacier could
 Q6.Why was Kargil an important issue between India and Pakistan in1999?
Firstly, Secondly,
Kargil was strategically .Pakistan was anxious to
very important ,Kargil pre empt any attack from
Heights overlook a pass India on Azad
used by India to supply Kashmir.Crossing the line
its troops ,control of of control which had been
Kargil would strengthen established by the UN in
Pakistan’s position in 1949 greatly strained
any negotiations with relations between the two
countries and even though
India. it was obvious that
Pakistan government was
supporting the kashmiri
guerillas it caused a lot of
distrust and bitter relations
between the two countries.
[7]
Thirdly,
Pakistan wanted to
remind the world that that
their grievance over
Kashmir had still not been
settled ,as stated by PM
Nawaz in a TV broad cast
that the objective of the
militants in capturing the
Kargil heights was to
draw attention of the
international community
to the Kashmir issue…
Since both nations had
nuclear weapons ,any
war between the two was
a very serious matter..
Kargil war
,Fourthly, As a result of this it resulted in large scale fighting between
the two countries. India retaliated by firing over 250 shells and rockets
as well as two aircrafts. these aircrafts invaded pakistans airspace
which resulted in pakistani forces shooting one of them down. Thus
this crossing of airspace and launching of attacks had caused a lot of
hostility as both neighboring ethnic rivals were on the verge of war
soon after the lahore declaration.

Thirdly, It strained relations as both countries had developed nuclear

weapons and only a year ago in May 1998 india had shocked the
world by carrying out nuclear tests and just weeks after pakistan
carried out nuclear tests in the ras koh hills to settle the score.
Neither of them had agreed to sign the nuclear non proliferation
treaty and thus this not only strained relations between them but
threatened world peace as two nuclear powers were on the verge of
war.
Q8.Why/how did the Pakhtoonistan issue strain relations between
Pakistan and Afghanistan in 1947?
Firstly,
The establishment of the
borders of India and
Pakistan in 1947 had led to a
border dispute between
Afghanistan and
Pakistan.The Afghans laid
claim to parts of the North
West Frontier areas which
voted to join Pakistan,but the
Afghans did not give up their
claim.In 1947 Afghanistan
also sided with those
pathans who wanted either
an independent nation or join
with Afghanistan to form
Pakhtoonistan they staked
the claim on the basis that
part of it had been captured
from them 200 years earlier..
[7]
Secondly, Thirdly,
The border known as The Soviet Union also
Durand Line that ran became involved
through Pathan territory supported both
had caused frequent Afghanistan and the idea
demands for of
independence.The leader Pakhtoonistan.Afghanista
of the separatist n being a landlocked
movement Dr.Khan Sahib country needed transit
and Abdul Ghaffar Khan route for its
had called for a boycot of goods ,Pakistan offered
referendum in 1947.Radio the Afghans to use its
Kabul and Afghan route through Pakistan in
government did all to stir return to drop support for
up support for the Pakhtoonistan but the
separatist cause… Afghan government
refused …..signed “Trade
and Transit “agreement
with Soviet Union…
 Q9.Why are good relations with China important to Pakistan? [7]

China has been a great support and

always proved to be a loyal ally of Strengthened trade
Pakistan during wars against India…. relations ..Karakoram Highway….

Nuclear support for

Pakistan ….