Amity School of Engineering and Technology

Introduction of AI and its

Applications

Module -I
Programme: B. Tech-IT
Semester: VIth
Course: Artificial Intelligence (CSE401)
Name of Faculty: Prof. Deepti Mehrotra
Artificial Intelligence in the Movies
 Artificial Intelligence in Real Life
A young science (≈ 80 years old)
– Exciting and dynamic field, lots of uncharted territory left
– Impressive success stories
– “Intelligent” in specialized domains
– Many application areas

Face detection Formal verification

 Why the interest in AI?

Search engines
Labor Science

Medicine/
Diagnosis

Appliances What else?

 Topic covered

• Scope of AI & Problem Solving

• Knowledge Representation
• Understanding Natural Languages
• Expert System and Learning
• Introduction to Robotics
 Course learning Outcome
• Analyze a problem, identify and define the computing requirements
appropriate to its solution.
• Design, implement, and evaluate a computer-based system,
process, component, or program to meet desired needs
• Analyze the local and global impact of computing on individuals,
organizations, and society.
• Use current techniques, programming skills, and AI tools necessary
for computing practice in the field of AI and robotics.
• Gain the knowledge about knowledge representation, expert system
and the understanding of natural language
• Apply design and development principles in the construction of
software systems of varying complexity.
 Module 1

• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence.

• Applications- Games, Theorem proving,
Natural language processing, Vision and
speech processing, Robotics, Expert
systems.
• AI techniques- search knowledge,
Abstraction
• State space search, Production systems
 Module 1
• Search space control:
– depth-first,
– breadth-first search.
– Heuristic search
• Hill climbing
• Best-first search
• Branch and bound.
– Problem Reduction
– Constraint Satisfaction End
– Means-End Analysis
 Topic 1

Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence
 What is Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial intelligence (AI), the

ability of a digital computer or
computer-controlled robot to
perform tasks commonly
associated with intelligent
beings.
• Artificial intelligence (AI)
makes it possible for machines
to learn from experience,
adjust to new inputs and
perform human-like tasks.
• Develop a systems endowed
with the intellectual processes
characteristic of humans, such
as the ability to reason,
discover meaning, generalize,
or learn from past experience.

03/18/24
 What is Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial intelligence (AI)

is intelligence demonstrated
by machines, as opposed
to natural
intelligence displayed
by animals including humans.
• Artificial intelligence is the
simulation of human
intelligence processes by
machines, especially computer
systems.
• AI which stands for artificial
intelligence refers to systems
or machines that mimic human
intelligence to perform tasks
and can iteratively improve
themselves based on the
information they collect

03/18/24
 Introduction
According to John McCarthy, who is known as the father
of AI,
“AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines, especially computer programs.”

“A system's ability to correctly interpret external data, to

learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve
specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation.“
(Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael, 2019).
Terms commonly
associated with AI
 What is artificial intelligence?
• There is no clear consensus on the definition of AI
• John McCarthy coined the phrase AI in 1956
Q. What is artificial intelligence?
A. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the
similar task of using computers to understand human or other
intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that
are biologically observable.
Q. Yes, but what is intelligence?
A. Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve
goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence
occur in people, many animals and some machines.
 History of AI
• AI has roots in a number of scientific disciplines
– computer science and engineering (hardware and software)
– philosophy (rules of reasoning)
– mathematics (logic, algorithms, optimization)
– cognitive science and psychology (modeling high level human/animal
thinking)
– neural science (model low level human/animal brain activity)
– linguistics
• The birth of AI (1943 – 1956)
– McCulloch and Pitts (1943): simplified mathematical model of neurons
(resting/firing states) can realize all propositional logic primitives (can
compute all Turing computable functions)
– Alan Turing: Turing machine and Turing test (1950)
– Claude Shannon: information theory; possibility of chess playing
computers
– Boole, Aristotle, Euclid (logics, syllogisms)
• Early enthusiasm (1952 – 1969)
– 1956 Dartmouth conference
John McCarthy (Lisp);
Marvin Minsky (first neural network machine);
Alan Newell and Herbert Simon (GPS);
– Emphasis on intelligent general problem solving
GSP (means-ends analysis);
Lisp (AI programming language);
Resolution by John Robinson (basis for automatic
theorem proving);
heuristic search (A*, AO*, game tree search)
• Emphasis on knowledge (1966 – 1974)
– domain specific knowledge is the key to overcome existing difficulties
– knowledge representation (KR) paradigms
– declarative vs. procedural representation
• Knowledge-based systems (1969 – 1999)
– DENDRAL: the first knowledge intensive system (determining 3D structures of
complex chemical compounds)
– MYCIN: first rule-based expert system (containing 450 rules for diagnosing blood
infectious diseases)
EMYCIN: an ES shell
– PROSPECTOR: first knowledge-based system that made significant profit
(geological ES for mineral deposits)
• AI became an industry (1980 – 1989)
– wide applications in various domains
– commercially available tools
– AI winter
• Current trends (1990 – present)
– more realistic goals
– more practical (application oriented)
– distributed AI and intelligent software agents
– resurgence of natural computation - neural networks and emergence of genetic
algorithms – many applications
– dominance of machine learning (big apps)
– Deep learning, Generative AI, Explainable AI
Fig1: Areas of AI
What is the definition of AI?
 What is the definition of AI?

Bellman, 1978
“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human
thinking, activities such as decision making, problem solving,
learning”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Charniak & McDermott, 1985

“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational
models”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Dean et al., 1995

“The design and study of computer programs that behave
intelligently. These programs are constructed to perform as
would a human or an animal whose behavior we consider
intelligent”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Haugeland, 1985
“The exciting new effort to make computers think machines with
minds, in the full and literal sense”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Kurzweil, 1990
“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Luger & Stubblefield, 1993

“The branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Nilsson, 1998
“Many human mental activities such as writing computer
programs, doing mathematics, engaging in common sense
reasoning, understanding language, and even driving an
automobile, are said to demand intelligence. We might say that
[these systems] exhibit artificial intelligence”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Rich & Knight, 1991

“The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Schalkoff, 1990
“A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent
behavior in terms of computational processes”
 What is the definition of AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think
humans rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans

Winston, 1992
“The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act”
 What is AI?
• Turing test (1950)
• Requires:
– Natural language
– Knowledge representation
– automated reasoning
– machine learning
– (vision, robotics.) for full test
• Thinking humanly:
– Introspection, the general problem solver (Newell and
Simon 1961)
– Cognitive sciences
• Thinking rationally:
– Logic
– Problems: how to represent and reason in a domain
• Acting rationally: 03/18/24
– Agents: Perceive and act
 The Turing Test
(Can Machine think? A. M. Turing, 1950)

• Requires
– Natural language
– Knowledge representation
– Automated reasoning
– Machine learning
– (vision, robotics) for full test
03/18/24
 Systems that act like humans

?
You enter a room which has a computer terminal.
You have a fixed period of time to type what you
want into the terminal, and study the replies. At
the other end of the line is either a human being
or a computer system.
If it is a computer system, and at the end of the
period you cannot reliably determine whether it
is a system or a human, then the system is
deemed to be intelligent.
What is Intelligence?
The Turing Test

A machine can be described as a

thinking machine if it passes the
Turing Test. i.e. If a human
agent is engaged in two isolated
dialogues (connected by
teletype say); one with
a computer, and the other with
another human and the human
agent cannot reliably identify
which dialogue is with the
computer.
 Approach 1: Acting Humanly

• Turing test: ultimate test for acting humanly

– Computer and human both interrogated by judge
– Computer passes test if judge can’t tell the difference
 Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Science

• 1960 “Cognitive Revolution”: information-processing

psychology replaced behaviorism

• Cognitive science brings together theories and

experimental evidence to model internal activities of the
brain
– What level of abstraction? “Knowledge” or “Circuits”?
– How to validate models?
• Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)
• Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)
• Building computer/machine simulated models and reproduce results
(simulation)
 Thinking Rationally: Laws of
Thought
• Aristotle (~ 450 B.C.) attempted to codify “right thinking”
What are correct arguments/thought processes?
• E.g., “Socrates is a man, all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal”

• Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:

notation plus rules of derivation for thoughts.

• Problems:
1) Uncertainty: Not all facts are certain (e.g., the flight might be delayed).
2) Resource limitations: There is a difference between solving a problem in
principle and solving it in practice under various resource limitations such as
time, computation, accuracy etc. (e.g., purchasing a car)
 Eliza
• Called after Eliza Doolittle of Pygmalion fame.
• Developed in 1964-1966 by Joseph
Weizenbaum in MIT
• Models (parodies) the rôle of a Rogerian
psychotherapist engaged in an initial interview
with a patient. Much or the technique of the
Rogerian psychotherapist involves drawing the
patient out by reflecting the patient’s statements
back at him.

http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html
 Eliza
Men are all alike
IN WHAT WAY
They’re always bugging us about something or other.
CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE
Well, my boyfriend made me come here.
YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE
He says I am depressed much of the time.
I AM SORRY TO HEAR YOU ARE DEPRESSED
It’s true. I am unhappy.
DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP YOU NOT TO BE UNHAPPY
I need some help, that much seems certain.
WHAT WOULD IT MEAN TO YOU IF YOU GOT SOME HELP
Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother.
 Eliza
TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY
My mother takes care of me.
WHO ELSE IN YOUR FAMILY TAKES CARE OF YOU
My father.
YOUR FATHER
You are like my father in some ways
WHAT RESEMBLANCE DO YOU SEE
You are not very aggressive but I think you don’t want me to notice that.
WHAT MAKES YOU THINK I AM NOT VERY AGGRESSIVE
You don’t argue with me
WHY DO YOU THINK I DON’T ARGUE WITH YOU
 What is/was Eliza?

• A chatterbot
• Turing test competitor
• A friend
• A model for other bots
 What is a chatterbot?
• A chatter robot, chatterbot, chatbot, or chat bot is a computer
program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with
one or more human users via auditory or textual methods,
primarily for engaging in small talk.
– The primary aim of such simulation has been to fool the user into thinking
that the program's output has been produced by a human (the Turing test).
– Programs playing this role are sometimes referred to as Artificial
Conversational Entities, talk bots or chatterboxes.
– Uses:
• chatterbots are often integrated into dialog systems for various practical purposes such as
online help, personalised service, or information acquisition.
• Spam in chatrooms
– Some chatterbots use sophisticated natural language processing systems,
but many simply scan for keywords within the input and pull a reply with the
most matching keywords, or the most similar wording pattern, from a textual
database.
– Collections:

http://www.simonlaven.com/
 Types of Chatterbots
• Classic Chatterbots
• Complex Chatterbots
• Friendly Chatterbots
• Teachable Bots
• AIML Bots
• JFred Bots
• NativeMinds Bots Non-English Bots
• Alternative Bots

http://www.simonlaven.com/
A.L.I.C.E
 A model of knowledge-based
systems development

Real
Reasoning
World Problem
Analysis System ?
Problem Solution

Representation
Components of an AI System

An agent perceives its environment

through sensors and acts on the
environment through actuators.

Human: sensors are eyes, ears,

actuators (effectors) are hands,
legs, mouth.

Robot: sensors are cameras, sonar,

lasers, ladar, bump, effectors are
grippers, manipulators, motors

The agent’s behavior is described by its

function that maps percept to action.
 Applications of AI

Theorem Proving
– Computer Vison
– Robotics
– NLP
– Expert System
 Artificial Intelligence
History
•Up-to early 80’s: Creation of expert systems (systems
specialized for one particular task based on experts’
knowledge), wide industry adoption

Modern AI
•Towards more scientific, formal/mathematical
•Divided into many subareas interested in particular
aspects
•More directly connected to theoretical computer science,
statistics, operations research, biology, economics,
psychology, neuroscience etc
 Theorem Proving
• Reasoning by theorem proving is a weak method,
compared to experts systems, because it does not make
use of domain knowledge.
• Computer used to automate reasoning in a logic
• Theorem proving requires a logic (syntax)
• Applications: program verification, mathematical
deduction,
• Has a set of axioms and inference rules
• Has a strategy on when how to search through the
possible applications of the axioms and rules
Computer Vision Scope
 Computer Vision

Image processing to computer vision

progression can be broken up into low-,
mid- and high-level processes

Low Level Mid Level High Level

Process
Input: Image Process
Input: Image Process
Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output:
Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object
removal, image recognition, Examples: Scene
sharpening segmentation understanding,
autonomous
navigation

Image Processing To Computer Vision

Smile detection?

Sony Cyber-shot® T70 Digital Still Camera

 Robotics
• A robot is a machine: especially one
programmable by a computer, capable of
carrying out a complex series of actions
automatically.

• Robots can be guided by an external

control device or the control may be
embedded within.

• Robots may be constructed on the lines of

human form, but most robots are
machines designed to perform a task with
no regard to their aesthetics.
Source:
Wikipedia [2]
 Natural Language Processing
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of
communicating with an intelligent systems using a natural
language such as English [3].

• The input and output of an NLP system can be −

Speech
Written Text

• Components of NLP
Natural Language Understanding- Mapping the given input in
natural language into useful representations
Natural Language Generation-It is the process of producing
meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural
language from some internal representation
 NLP Applications

Applications
• Machine Translation
• Information Retrieval
• Question Answering
• Dialogue Systems
• Information Extraction
• Summarization
• Sentiment Analysis
Expert System
Expert System
 Capabilities of Expert
Systems
The expert systems are capable of [3]−
•Advising
•Instructing and assisting human in decision making
•Demonstrating
•Deriving a solution
•Diagnosing
•Explaining
•Interpreting input
•Predicting results
•Justifying the conclusion
•Suggesting alternative options to a problem
 Conclusion
Vast Application Areas of AI:
•Gaming
•Natural Language Processing
•Vision and speech processing Systems
•Expert Systems
•Healthcare
•Handwriting Recognition
•Business
•Intelligent Robots
•Education
•Autonomous Vehicles
•Agriculture
and many more
 References
[1] Artificial Intelligence (2nd ed) by Elaine Rich and Kevin
Knight, McGraw Hill (1991). ISBN 0-07-100894-2
[2] https://www.wikipedia.org/
[3]https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence
 Bibliography
Artificial Intelligence (3rd ed) by P H Winston, Addison-
Wesley (1992), ISBN 0-201-53377-4
Thank You