Computer Architecture

Presented By
M Haseeb (FA20-BCS-042)
Usama Tariq (FA20-BCS-087)
Explain organization and
structure
Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or
Processor to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction
Set Architecture) of the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data
types, Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories.
EXAMPLE: Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-
level details of the car come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers
view), while making it’s parts piece by piece and connecting together the different
components of that car by keeping the basic design in mind comes under computer
organization (physical and visible)
Organization and structure
Organization:
Organization in computer architecture refers to the way in which the various
hardware components of a computer system are arranged and interconnected. This
includes the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, input/output devices, and
other peripheral components. The organization determines how these components
are physically laid out and how they communicate with each other to execute
instructions and process data.

Structure:
Structure in computer architecture refers to the internal arrangement and design of
the individual components within the computer system. This includes the internal
architecture of the CPU, the organization of memory hierarchy (registers, cache,
main memory), the bus structure that facilitates communication between
components, and the interfaces that connect peripheral devices to the system.
Organization and structure
Levels of Organization and
Structure:
Computer architecture encompasses multiple levels of organization and structure,
including:
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): This level defines the interface between the
hardware and the software, including the instruction set, registers, addressing modes,
and memory organization visible to the programmer.
Microarchitecture: Also known as the implementation level, this level includes the
detailed design of the CPU, including the instruction pipelining, instruction
execution units, register organization, and other internal structures.
System Architecture: This level deals with the overall organization of the computer
system, including memory hierarchy, bus structure, and how different components
are interconnected.
Component Level: This involves the design and organization of individual
hardware components such as ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), control unit, memory
modules, input/output controllers, etc.
Evolution
Design Principles:
The organization and structure of computer systems are guided by several design
principles, including:
Performance: Optimizing the organization and structure to maximize the speed and
efficiency of computation and data processing.
Reliability: Ensuring that the system is robust and dependable, with mechanisms for
error detection, correction, and fault tolerance.
Cost-effectiveness: Balancing performance requirements with cost constraints by
optimizing resource utilization and minimizing hardware complexity.
Scalability: Designing systems that can accommodate future growth and expansion
in terms of computing power, memory capacity, and connectivity.
Design Principles:
The organization and structure of computer systems are guided by several design
principles, including:
Performance: Optimizing the organization and structure to maximize the speed and
efficiency of computation and data processing.
Reliability: Ensuring that the system is robust and dependable, with mechanisms for
error detection, correction, and fault tolerance.
Cost-effectiveness: Balancing performance requirements with cost constraints by
optimizing resource utilization and minimizing hardware complexity.
Scalability: Designing systems that can accommodate future growth and expansion
in terms of computing power, memory capacity, and connectivity.
Functions of a Computer
Computers are general-purpose machines that take input from users, process these
inputs, and then give the desired output. Also, the information processed is stored in
a storage.
How a computer completes a given set of desired instructions is called the function
of a computer. Initially, when the user provides input to the computer from the input
device the input data is stored in the primary memory then later the data is moved to
the CPU(Central Processing Unit). When the data is at CPU it does the following
tasks-
 It decides the form of data and the action to be taken accordingly.
 Arithmetic and logical operations are executed by ALU.
 When the process has finished the output or processed result is sent to the output
devices in the human-readable form.
Functions of a Computer
Based on the fundamental working of a computer system, a computer mainly has
four basic functions that are
 Input Function
 Processing Function
 Output Function
 Storage Function
Functions of a Computer
Input function and devices
 A computer is a data processing machine. It does nothing until a user (or a script
or a program) provides the data that needs to be processed and the instructions
that tell it how to process the data.
 Any standard device or component that a user uses to instruct a computer is
known as the standard input device. In other words, a computer uses its standard
input devices or components to get instructions from a user.
 The most common input devices are the keyboard and mouse. Almost all modern
computers have these devices. Other common input devices are scanners,
microphones, USB drives, and webcams.
 Input data and instruction can also be generated from a non-standard input device
such as the hard disk and CD/DVD. For example, a batch file in the Windows
system may instruct the CPU to execute a program or a script at a particular time.
Functions of a Computer
Process function and devices
• Once the data and instructions are received by the input function, the computer
starts the processing function. In this function, a computer processes the received
data according to the instructions.
• To process the input data according to the instructions, the computer uses the
CPU. A CPU is the main processing component of a computer. It processes user
instructions, executes scripts and programs, and runs commands of the OS that
provide a platform for installing and using application software. Other important
processing components are auxiliary processors.
Functions of a Computer
Output function and devices
• After processing the input data, the CPU, auxiliary processor, or the process
function sends the processed data to the output function or to the default or
configured output device. By default, computers use monitors as the default
output device.
• Aside from monitor, a variety of output devices are also available. Each output
device presents the processed data in a different form, for example, a monitor, a
printer, and a speaker displays, prints, and plays the processed data, respectively.
• A user, based on his requirement, can connect and use two, three or more output
devices to the computer. For example, after viewing the processed data, a user
can send it to the printer for printing.
Functions of a Computer
Storage function and devices
• Storing data and information is the fourth major function of a computer. This
function allows us to save the processed data for later use. To store data and
information, a computer uses two types of storage components: temporary and
permanent.
• Temporary storage components are used to store data temporarily. Data stored in
a temporary storage component is erased when the system is shutdown. RAM is a
compulsory temporary storage component. A computer uses the ram to store the
running applications and their data.
• Permanent storage components are used to store data permanently. Data stored in
a permanent storage component is not erased when the system is shutdown. The
hard disk is the most common permanent storage component.
Functions of a Computer
Example
Action Device Function
A user running a text-editor Keyboard Input
program types the letter Z on the
keyboard. The keyboard sends a
code representing the letter Z to the
CPU.
The CPU processes the code and CPU Process
determines what letter was typed.
Then the CPU sends instructions to
the monitor to display the letter Z.
The monitor displays the letter Z. Monitor Output
The user clicks the Save button. Mouse Input
The mouse sends a code
representing the click.
The CPU processes the code and CPU Process
determines what action was
clicked.
The CPU saves the file on the disk. Hard disk Storage
THANK YOU!