S TAT I S T I

CS
Prepared by
LICTAO, SHARON
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
PA R A M E T E R A N D
S TAT I S T I C
-differentiate sample and
population
-illustrate random sampling
-distinguish between parameter
and statistic;
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P O P U L AT I O N

This is the set of all data under a study.

Example:
A study regarding the average height of
students in a school requires the set of all
students studying in that school as its
population.
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SAMPLE
This is the set of data drawn from the population.

Example:
A study regarding the average height of
students in a school may focus only on the
sample set of students in a single grade level
studying in that school.
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RESEARCHER-COMPLETED INSTRUMENTS

These are statistical instruments

specifically filled by a researcher.
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RESEARCHER-COMPLETED
INSTRUMENTS
Example:
Rating scales, interview schedules/guides, tally
sheets, flowcharts, performance checklists, time-
and-motion logs, and observation forms are some
examples of researcher-completed instruments
which are to be filled by the researcher.
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SU B JECT- CO M PLET ED IN STR U M EN TS

These are statistical instruments which are to be filled by the
subject of the study or the ones being studied.
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SU B JECT- CO M PLET ED IN STR U M EN TS

Example:
Questionnaires, self-checklists, attitude scales,
personality inventories, achievement/aptitude tests,
projective devices, and sociometric devices are
some examples of subject-completed instruments
which are to be filled by the subject of the study or
the ones being studied.
 Learn about It!

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
RANDOM SAMPLING

• Analyze
Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get the analysis on her pre-
test in Statistics and probability of grade 11 students in
ABC high school with 150 students in the subject.
Should she get the scores of one class only?
RANDOM SAMPLING

• Analysis
Mrs. Dela Cruz class is not that big, it is much better if
she will get the scores of her entire class to have an
analysis
The population refers to the whole group under study or
investigation. In research, the population does not always
refer to people. It may mean a group containing elements of
anything you want to study, such as objects, events,
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.

A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by

random sampling or by non-random sampling. A sample is a
representation of the population where it is hoped that valid
conclusions will be drawn from the population.
Random sampling is a selection of n elements
derived from the N population, which is the
subject of an investigation or experiment, where
each point of the sample has an equal chance of
being selected using the appropriate sampling
technique.
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which

each member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. An instance of this is when members of the
population have their names represented by small pieces
of paper that are then randomly mixed together and picked
out. In the sample, the members selected will be included.
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which

members of the population are listed and samples are selected at
intervals called sample intervals. In this technique, every nth item
in the list will be selected from a randomly selected starting point.
For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a population
of 6,000, we can select every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the
numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to act as the
starting point.
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which

members of the population are grouped on the basis of their
homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a number of
distinct subgroups in the population within which full representation is
required. The sample is constructed by classifying the population into
subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain characteristics of the
population, such as age, gender or socio-economic status. The selection
of elements is then done separately from within each stratum, usually
by random or systematic sampling methods.
 S T R AT I F I E D
RANDOM SAMPLING

Example: Using stratified

random sampling, select a
sample of 400 students from the
population which are grouped
according to the cities they
come from. The table shows the
number of students per city.
Solution: To determine the number of students to be taken
as sample from each city, we divide the number of students
per city by total population (N= 28,000) multiply the result
by the total sample size (n= 400).
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area

sampling and applied on a geographical basis. Generally,
first sampling is performed at higher levels before going
down to lower levels. For example, samples are taken
randomly from the provinces first, followed by cities,
municipalities or barangays, and then from households.
 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different

sampling techniques. For example, when selecting
respondents for a national election survey, we can use the
lottery method first for regions and cities. We can then
use stratified sampling to determine the number of
respondents from selected areas and clusters.
 PA R A M E T E R V S S T A T I S T I C S

A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a

measure of the characteristics of the entire population (a
mass of all the units under consideration that share
common characteristics) based on all the elements within
that population.
 PA R A M E T E R V S S TAT I S T I C S

Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be

calculated and observed directly. The statistic is a
characteristic of a population or sample group. You will
get the sample statistic when you collect the sample and
calculate the standard deviation and the mean. You can use
sample statistic to draw certain conclusions about the
entire population.
A. Identify the type of sampling method. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
__________1. The teacher writes all the names of students in a piece of paper and
puts it in a box for the graded recitation.
__________2. The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th name in the list.
__________3. Every five files out of 500 files will be chosen.
__________4.There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers, 45 middle aged and 55 senior
citizens in a certain area. Samples are taken according to the total number of people in
the area.
__________5. All the names of the employees of the company are put in a raffle box.
Get the samples needed for each category using stratified random
sampling
There are 20 members of taekwondo club, 40 math club members, 60
drama theatre members, and 30 members of science club. The
researchers want to get 20 respondents out of these organizations.
Identify the samples to be taken in each organization.
 The following data represents the weights (in kilograms) of
40 students in a school

1. Construct a frequency distribution using 7 as class interval.

2. How many students got the highest weights?
3. How many students weighs at most 53 kg?