STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
STATISTICS

• Statistics is the study of how to collect,

organize, and interpret data using different
techniques
 PROBABILITY

Probability is the study of how likely an event is to

occur or happen
DEFINITIONS OF RANDOM VARIABLE
• A random variable is a result of chance event, that you can measure
or count.

• A random variable is a numerical quantity that is assigned to the

outcome of an experiment. It is a variable that assumes numerical
values associated with the events of an experiment.

• A random variable is a quantitative variable (data, Amount,

measurement etc.) which values depends on change.
A Random Variable,
-usually written X, is a variable whose
possible values are numerical outcomes of a
random phenomenon.
(a fact/event or situation that is observed to exist or happen)
 EXAMPLE 1
Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested
to determine the number of tails that will come
out. Let us use T to represent the number of tails
that will come out. Determine the values of the
random variable T.
 EXAMPLE 2
• Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 orange
balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random
variable representing the number of violet balls.
Find the values of the random variable V
TWO TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES

• Discrete Variable

• Continuous Random Variable

 DISCRETE VARIABLE
• A Discrete Random variable has a
countable number of possible values

Example:
Number of pens in a box
Number of COVID 19 positive cases in Hermosa, Bataan
Number of defective batteries
Number of ants in a colony
 CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

• A continuous random variable can assume an

infinite number of values in one or more intervals.

Example:
-Amount of antibiotics in the vial
-Length of electric wires
-Voltage of car batteries
-Amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
QUIZ #1
A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white balls. If three balls are taken from the basket
one after the other, determine the possible values of the random variable R representing
the number of red balls.

2. Count the number of red balls in

each outcome and assign this number
to this outcome.

3. Conclusion
ANSWER KEY
 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
• gives the possibility of each outcome of a
random experiment or event.
• It provides the probabilities of different
possible occurrences.
 PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION (PMF):

• Probability Mass Function (PMF): For a

discrete random variable, the probability
mass function is a function that gives the
probability of each possible value.
Mathematically, it is denoted as P(X = x),
where X is the random variable and x is a
specific value.
 EXAMPLE
• Let's consider the random variable X representing the outcome of rolling a
fair six-sided die. The possible values of X are {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
The PMF of X would be:
P(X = 1) = 1/6
P(X = 2) = 1/6
P(X = 3) = 1/6
P(X = 4) = 1/6
P(X = 5) = 1/6
P(X = 6) = 1/6
• This PMF indicates that each outcome has an equal probability of
occurring, which is 1/6, as the die is fair.
• The PMF is a fundamental concept in probability theory and is crucial for
understanding the behavior of discrete random variables and making
Properties of a Probability Distribution

• 1. The probability of each value of the random variable

must be between or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol, we
write it as 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1.

• 2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the

random variable must be equal to 1. In symbol, we write
it as ∑P(X) =1
 EXAMPLE 1
1. A mother is giving birth to a twin. Let X denotes the
number of boys.

2. Let X denotes the number of heads that will appear

in tossing three coins. Find P(X≥2) and P(x<1)
 QUIZ #2
• The number of Student entering in the Canteen at any given
hour is represented by a random variable X
X 40 50 60 70 80
P(x) 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1

• FIND The probability that:

A. 80 student enter in the canteen
B. at least 50 students enter in the Canteen
 KEY ANSWER
X 40 50 60 70 80
P(x) 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2

• A. P(x=80) = 0.2

• B. P(X≥50)= P(X=50) + P(X=60) + P(X=70)+ P(X=80)

= 0.8
 EXAMPLE
• Suppose two coins are tossed and we are
interested to determine the number of tails
that will come out. Let us use T to
represent the number of tails that will
come out. Determine the values of the
random variable T.
EXAMPLE 1: STEP 1 & 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
ASSIGNMENT
Construct the table containing the random variables. Then, identify all possible
outcomes. Group the possible outcomes in such a way that the sums of the two numbers
appearing on the dice are the same.
Determine the probability of each outcome.
Construct A table for the expected outcome X and their corresponding
P(x)