Course Name :

CRYOGENIC ROCKET
PROPULSION
Topic
UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION TO
CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS

Prepared by
Program : B.Tech Aeronautical
ABINICKS RAJA G
Course Code : U18PEAE063 Assistant Professor,
Department of Aeronautical,
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst
BIHER
Prof-Dept of Aeronautical(BIHER) abinicksraja.aero@bharathuniv.ac.in
 Cryogenic systems and basic components

Kryo – Very cold (frost) and Genics – To produce

Cryogenics:
Cryogenics is the science and
technology associated with generation
of low temperature below 123 K

- CRYOGENIC
SUBSTANCE
-150 °C
(Or)
123 K
REFRIGERANT 0 °C
+
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept of Aeronautical(BIHER)
 Triple point: The temperature and pressure at which the solid,
liquid, and vapor phases of a pure substance can coexist in
equilibrium.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid boils and
turns to vapor

Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept of Aeronautical(BIHER)

 Linde-Hampson Cycle
• It is the significant system used for the
liquefaction of gases and for producing low
temperatures.
• It works on Joule-Thompson effect.
• Major components include Compressor , heat
exchanger, Joule-Thompson expansion device
and a separator .

Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept of Aeronautical(BIHER)

 2

1
Heat balance of Linde - Hampson cycle
m2 7

COMP Compressor:
H.E m 6 h1 = m 2 h2

Heat Exchanger:
6
m2h2+m6h6=m2h3+m6h7
3 m2
m6

J-T Valve
4 J-T Valve:
m2h3=m2h4
SEPARATOR
m5 h3=h4
5

Separator:
m2h4= m5h5+m6h6
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
 Claude cycle
• In order to achieve a better performance and
to approach ideality, the expansion process
should be a reversible process.
• A J –T expansion is an irreversible isenthalpic
expansion and expansion using an expansion
engine is an reversible isentropic process.
• For any gas, an isentropic expansion results in
lower temperature irrespective of its inversion
temperature (TINV).
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
 2

m2 11

COMP

H.E 1
mg 3
10
4
2 1
H.E 2
m4 =m2 - mg T 3
9
4 m4
m8
8

4
J-T Valve
8
5
7 6
5 7
SEPARATOR
m6

6
S

Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept of Aeronautical(BIHER)

 Heat balance of Claude Refrigeration system

Compressor:
m8h1=m2h2

H.E 1:
m2h2+m8h10=m2h3+m8h11

H.E 2:
m4h3+m8h9=m4h4+m8h10

J-T Valve:
m4h4=m4h5

SEPARATOR:
m4h5=m6h6+m6h7

Prepared by Abinicks Raja G - Dept of Aeronautical(BIHER)

Vapour Compression Refrigeration system.

Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept

of Aeronautical(BIHER)
 VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Working:
• The Vapour at low Temperature and Pressure enters the Compressor.
• While compressing ,subsequently its temperature and pressure
increases considerably.
• The vapour after leaving the compressor enters the condenser where it
is condensed into high pressure liquid and it is collected in a
receiver tank.
• From the receiver tank it passes through the expansion valve ,it is then
throttled down to a lower pressure and has a low temperature.
• After passing through the expansion valve ,it passes through
evaporator where it extracts heat from the surroundings and
vapourises to low pressure vapour.
• Thus the cycle will be continued.

Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept

of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
• Vapor compression refrigeration cycle works on the principle that
highly compressed fluids at one temperature will tend to get colder
when they are allowed to expand.
• In this system ,the refrigerant used alternatively undergoes a change of
phase from vapour to liquid and liquid to vapor. The latent heat of
vaporization is utilized for absorbing the heat from low temperature
space and it transfers to surrounding so that the space is maintained at
lower temperature than the surrounding.
• Latent heat is defined as the heat or energy that is absorbed or
released during a phase change of a substance. It could either be from
a gas to a liquid or liquid to solid and vice versa. Latent heat is related
to a heat property called enthalpy

Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept

of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Now (= )

Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept

of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)
 Types of Cryogenic Insulations
• Mass – Cellular ,Granular ,Fibrous

• Reflective –Metal foils ,Multilayer insulation

• Vacuum

Expanded foams:
Polyurethane foam, Polystyrene foam, rubber ,silica glass foam
Prepared by Abinicks Raja G,Asst Prof-Dept
of Aeronautical(BIHER)