MORAL AND ETHICS

k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jf / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;+u o;sf] ;DjGw

z/b rGb| kf}8}n

d+l;/ @^, @)&#
g}ltstf / cfrf/ ====
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7Ls j]7Ls
Gofo cGofo
c;n v/fj
wd{ cwd{
;To c;To
kfk wd{
g}ltstfsf] kl/efiff
 7Ls j]7Ls jf/]df JolStsf l;4fGtx?
 7Ls j]7Ls jf/]df JolStsf lglZrt d"Nox?

 7Ls j]7Ls 5'6\ofpg];+u dfq ;DjlGwt x'b}g,

ug{ x'g] / gx'g] s'/fsf] klg klg eljiojfl0f ub{5 .
 JolStsf] Jojxf/sf] sDkf; Compass xf] .
g}ltstfsf] pTklQ
 eujfg k|bQ
 Dffgj dfkm{t eujfg\sf] efiff
 cl:tTjsf] nflu l8 Pg\ Psf] pb\jf]wbg Manifestation
 r]tgfsf] k|f/+les cj:yf
 Dffgj x'g'sf] cfwf/e"t rl/q
 ;fdflhlss/0fsf] k|efj
g}ltstfsf rl/qx?
 JolStut d"No dfGotf
 cGts/0fjf6 >[lht x'G5
 ljifolgi7 k|fyldstf
 ;fdfGotM kl/jt{g x'b}g, Consistent /xG5
 ;+:s[lt eGbf cufl8 cfpF5 Transcends culture
 cfkm}n] sfo{fGjog ug{] xf] c?sf] e"ldsf x'b}g
g}ltstfsf l;4fGtx?

s= ;b\u'0f l;4fGt Virtue Theory

 Kn]6f] / Pl/;\6f]6njf6 k|ltkflbt
 Kffqdf cfwfl/t

 ljlzi6 rf/ ;b\u'0f g}ltsjfg x'gsf] nflu cfjZos

!= rft'o{tf Prudence
@= Gofo Justice
#= tfut Fortitude
$ dWodfu{ Tempramence
g}ltstfsf l;4fGtx?
v= kl/0fltjfb l;4fGt Consequential Theory
 h]ld/L j]Gyfdsf] pkof]lutfjfb utilitarianism o;}df

cfwfl/t 5 .
 sfo{jf6 pTkGg xg] kl/0fltsf] cfwf/df 7Ls j]7Lssf]

d"Nofs+g ul/G5 .
 w}/} lxt ug]{ Greatest good sfo{ 7Ls sfo{

 w]/} v';L Greatest happiness lbg] sfo{ 7Ls sfo{

 Yff]/} kL8f Least Pain lbg] sfo{ 7Ls sfo{

clwsfFz ;fj{hlgs ultljlw oxL l;4fGtjf6 ;+rflnt x''G5g\

g}ltstfsf l;4fGtx?
u=bfloTjjfbL l;4fGt Deontological Theory
 Odfg'cn sfG6jf6 k|ltkflbt
 g}ltstf eg]sf] st{Josf] cfwf/df ul/g] sfo{ xf]
 cf}lrTo jf ts{df Rationality cfwfl/t
 st{Jo / bloTjnfO{ hf]8 lbG5
 lgodn] st{Jo k|lt jGwg >[hgf ub{5
 JolStg} clGtd xf] eg]/ ;Ddfg ub{5
 st{Josf] lgotnfO{ hf]8 lbG5
 sfo{ cfkm} s:tf] 5 To;nfO{ hf]8 lbG5 g ls kl/0fltnfO{
 v/fj c;n st{Jo / lgotsf] cfwf/df 5'6\ofOG5
cGo g}ltstfsf l;4fGtx?====

3=clwsf/df cwfl/t l;4fGt Right Based Theory

ª=bfjLdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt Claim Based Theory

g}ltsjfg x'g'sf kmfObfx?
 k|lti7f clej[l4 ub{5
 ;Gt'i6L k|bfg ub{5
 ljZj;gLotf Credibility j9fp5
 e/f];f Trust j9fp5
 zlSt clej[l4 u/fp5
 ;j{JofkL efiff ePsf]n] ;j}n] ;lhn/L j'emb5g\
g}ltsjfgsf s7LgfO{x?
 g}ltsjfg x'gsf] nflu cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}lts cflb d"No
r'sfpg' kb{5 .
 lg/Gt/sf] lgu/fgL cfjZos x'G5 .
 g}ltstfn] cf}lrTj jf ts{sf] dfu ub{5 . ;w} ts{;+ut x'g
ufx|f] x'G5 . Emotional is the default state
 Hf]lvd j9L x'G5 ckjfb dfqn] klg ;j} vQd kfl/lbG5 .
cfrf/
 JolSt jf ;d'xsf] Jojxf/nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ g}lts l;4fGt
Moral Principle xf] .
 c;n / v/fj;+u Deal ug]{ cg'zf;g xf] .
 g}lts st{Jo / bloTj xf] .
 ;Lldt If]qsf ultljlw;+u ;DjlGwt Jojxf/x? 7Ls xf]
xf]Og eg]/ JolStn] pkof]u ug]{ g}lts l;4fGt xf] .
 lglZrt dfgj ultljlw jf ;d'x jf ;:s[lt;+u ;DjlGwt :jLsf/
ul/Psf] ;+rfng lgod Rules of conduct xf] .
cfrf/sf rl/qx?
 o;sf] If]q ;Lldt x'G5 .
 Jfflx/ External Source jf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] xG5 .

 ;fdflhs k|0ffnLjf6 cfPsf] x'G5 .

 c?sf] kl/efiffdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 .

 kl/jt{glzn x'G5, k[i6e"ld cg';f/ km/s kg{ ;Sb5 .

 k]zfut / sfg'gL dfu{bz{gn] lgoGq0f u/]sf] x'G5 .

 ;do / :yfg ljif]z;+u ;DjlGwt x'G5 .

 c?n] sfof{Gjog ub{5g\ .

;j} cfrf/ g}lts x'G5g eGg] s]xL 5}g

cfrf/ / k]z]j/
lghfdtL ;]jf
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] d'Vo sfd
 ;fj{hlgs lxt k|jw{g ug]{
 ;fj{hlgs ;fwg >f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug]{
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwf bIf / k|efjsf/L9+ujf6 k|bfg ug]{
 Gfful/ssf] ;/sf/ dflysf] e/f];f Trust sfod /fVg]
 ;/sf/sf] ultljlwnfO{ ljZj;gLo Credible jgfpg]
 ;fj{hlgs If]qsf b]vf k/]sf k|j[lQx?
 ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO{ /x]sf] 5 .
 Gfful/sx? ;/sf/jf6 j9L eGbf j9L e"ldsfsf] dfu u/L /x]sf 5g\ .
 ;/sf/sf ultljlwdf bIftf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] dfu pTsif{df k'u]sf] 5 .
 lghfdtL sd{rf/L 4Gbsf] e"ldsf Conflicting Role df kb}
{ uPsf 5g\ .
 gful/sx? ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Ldf cfkm'df ePsf] sdhf]/L gxf];\
eGg] rfxgf /fVb5g\ .
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] :t/ 36b} uO{ /x]sf] cfd wf/0ff 5 .
;fj{hlgs If]qsf b]vf k/]sf k|j[lQx?

 ;'zf;gsf] dfu lg/Gt/ j9L /x]sf] 5 .

 ;fj{hlgs e/f];fsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cfrf/
k"j{ zt{ jGb} uPsf] 5 .
 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfrf/ ;'zf;gsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ :tesf] ?
kdf /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o:t/df :jLsf/ u/LPsf] 5 .
 k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfjZostf ;j}lt/ dx;'z ePsf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfrf/sf] dxTj /
cfjZostf
 lghfdtL sd{rf/Ldf ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjdf /xbf /xb} klg
JolStut :jfy{ klg ljBdfg ePs} x'G5 .
 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? ;dfhsf ljljw e"ldsfsf lgjf{x ug]
{ kfq;+u cGt/ls|ofdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? clgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw klg xg\ .
 ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/Ldf /xbf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ldf :jfy{sf]
4Gbsf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] xG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfrf/sf] dxTj /
cfjZostf===

 ;fj{hlgs ultljlw ;+rfngsf] s|ddf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]

Jojxf/nfO{ lgod sfg'gn] dfq lgodg ug{ ;lsb}g oBlk
sfg'g cfrf/o'St Jojxf/sf] cfwf/e"t k|jw{s xf] .
 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k]z]j/ JolStsf] ;d'x jgfpg .
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] :t/ psf:g .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfrf/sf]
jgfj6 Design
k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jfjf6 ul/g] ck]Iff
 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Craft -;+rfngsf t}/ tl/sf_ cfkm} l;s'g\
 cfcfkmgf] If]qdf bIf /x'g\
 Jolstut pbfx/0f k|:t't u?g\
 1fg / lzksf] pTs[i6:t/ sfod u?g\
 Vf/fj ug]{x?nfO{ tx nufpg\
 ;]jf leqsf lj;ult / v/fjLx? Jfflx/ Nofpg\
 cg';Gwfg, k/LIf0f, >[hgflzntf / gjk|jt{gsf] dfWodjf6
cfkmgf] snf cufl8 j9fpg\ .
cfrf/sf lsl;dx?

ljj]rgfTds Discriptive

ljj/0ffTds Normative
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfrf/sf cfwf/
KffFr ;b\u'0fx?
!= lgikIftf
@= kf/blz{tf
#= lhDj]jf/L
$= bIftf
%+ :Jfy{sf] 4Gb ljlxgtf
k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfGotfx?
Values
!= ;fj{hlgs kmfObf pknJw u/fpg]
 klxrfg ul/Psf ;j{hlgs cfjZostf k'/f ug]{

 ;fj{hlgs lxt k|jw{g ug]{ jf c;n sfd ug]{

 hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{

 xfgLnfO{ kG5fpg]

 Gfful/s st{Jo k'/f ug]{

 kx'r of]Uo /xg] / kx'rnfO{ ;xh jgfpg]

k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfGotfx?
Values
@= sfg'gsf] zf;g sfod ug]{
 ;ljwfgjfbsf] cg';/0f ug]{

 /fhgLltsf] ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{

 ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fnfO{ :jLsfg]{

 ;fj{hlgs cleefjsTj Propritary lng]

 k|zf;lgs ;Lldttfx? kfngf ug]{

 Gofo / :jR5tf sfod ug]{

k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfGotfx?
Values
#= ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf u|x0f ug]{
 7"nf] bfO{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{

 v'nf / kf/blz{ /xg]

 ;"lrt /xg]

 clen]vdf /xg]

 OdfGbf/ /xg]

 ;+j]bglzn /xg]

 pbfx/0f sfod ug]{

k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfGotfx?
Values
 cfbz{ JolStTj jGg]
 c;n b]lvg]
 7Ls /xg]
 Dffgj /xg] / dfgjLo /xg]
 of]Uo eO{ /xg]
 tGb'?:t /xg]
k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfGotfx?
Values
$= k]zfut sfo{ ;+kfbgdf ;"wf/ ug]{
 ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] pkfb]otfsf] jf/]df k|Zg ug]{

 sfg'gL, lgofds / k|zf;lgs ;"wf/ ug]{

 Joj;flos tl/sfx? pkof]u ug]{

 ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] If]qnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{

 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf v/fjLx? X6fpg]

 cfosf] d"No k|dfl0ft ug]{

k]z]j/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfGotfx?
Values
%=k|hftGqnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{
 Dfflns gf]s/ ;DjGwnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{

 ;/sf/nfO{ ljs]Gb|Lt ug]{

 JolStut clwsf/ / :jtGqtf sfof{Gjog ug]{

 clwsf/nfO{ cs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{

 e|i6frf/ /f]syfd ug]{

 hg;xeflutfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{

cfrf/sf cf}hf/sf ?k / lsl;d
?k
 cfrf/ ;lxtf Ethical code

 Jojxf/ ;+rfng ;+lxtf Code of conduct

 cfrf/ dfkb08 Ethical Standard

 cfrf/sf l;4fGtx? Jff dfu{bz{g Ethical Guidelines

lsl;d
!=sfof{Gjog ug{ of]Uo Enforceable jf bfFt ePsf]
 cfrf/ pn+3gnfO{ ck/flws/0f ug]{ criminalization

 cfrf/ pn+3gnfO{ cg'zf;glxgtf 7x¥ofP/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug]{

@= sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg] Non-enforceable jf bft gePsf]

k|efjsf/L cfrf/
 ;fwf/0f
 ljj]rgfTds / ljj/0ffTds
 lj:t[t / ;dfj]zL
 pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] Workable
 sfof{Gjog of]Uo Enforceable
cfrf/sf l;4fGt jf dfu{bz{gsf] dxTj
 cGt/fli6«o jf /fli6«o:t/df ;xdtL ePsf]n] gLlt lgdf{tf /
gful/s ;dfhn] gful/s lghdtL ;]jf;usf] Engagement df
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5
 lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;fd' NofP/ cfr/ ;lxtf /
sfof{Gjog ;oGq lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu pTk]l/t
ug{ ;lsG5
 cfrf/sf] ljifodf lghfdtL ;]jf leq 5nkmn rfnfpg ;lsG5
 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfrf/ jf/] gful/sdf r]tgf km}nfpg ;lsG5
cfrf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] pkfox?
 cfrf/sf dfkb08 :ki6 x'g' kb{5 .
 Dffkb08 jgfpbf sfg'gL vfFsfdf jgfpg' kb{5 .
 lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cfrf/ jf/] dfu{bz{g pknJw x'g' kb{5 .
 v/fjL jflx/ Nofpbf cfkmgf] clwsf/ / bfloTj jf/] yfxf x'g' kb{5 .
 /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf cfjZos x'G5 .
 lg0f{o k|s[of kf/blz{ / lgu/fgLsf] nflu v'nf /xg' kb{5 .
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cj:yf / dfgj >f]t Joj:yfkgn] cfrf/o'St sfo{ ;
+rfngnfO{ k|jw{g ug'{ kb{5 .
 pQ/bfloTj k|0ffnL jlnof] x'g' kb{5 .
 Vf/fjL;+u Deal ug{ oyf]lrt k|s[of / clwsf/ x'g' kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] cfrf/ dfkb08

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] kl/R5]b & bkmf $! b]lv %$ ;Dd

bkmf %% df kb / ;]jfsf] 5'6\6} jGg ;Sg] Joj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DjGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%

 kbLo cfr/0f

 k]zfut cfr/0f

 JolStut cfr/0f
cfrf/ dfkb08 sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] kl/R5]b & sf]
b08 ;hfo ;DjGwL Joj:yf
 bkmf ^) s sf] -v_ df of] P]g jf P]g cGt/utsf jg]sf

lgodx?df pNn]lvt cfr/0f ;DjGwL s'/fx? pn3g u/]df

b'O{ jif{ b]lv % jif{;Dd j9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ j{ jf b'O{ b]lv
kfr tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
 bkmf ^! sf] -v_ df cfr/0f ;DjGwL s'/fx? jf/+jf/ pn3g

u/]df ;]jfjf6 x6fpg] jf jvf{:t ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .

 cfr/0f ;DjGwL lgoddf ljefuLo sf/jfxL ul/g] Joj:yf

pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
e|i6frf/ / cfrf/
 e|i6frf/
kl/efiff
;fj{hlgs sfof{no JolStut kmfObfsf] nflu pkof]u ug]{
 lgo'St jf lgjf{lrt b'j} y/L clwsf/L kb{5g\

 lxhf] cfh lghL If]qnfO{ klg ;d]l6Psf] 5

k|fKt kmfObf
 Df}f]lb|s

 u}/ df}lb|s -ef}lts, efjgfTds, ;fdflhs_

tl/sf M lng], lbg] / :yfgfGt/0f ul/g] lrh jf j:t'

 e|i6frf/
e|i6frf/sf] ?k
 3';

 k|efj

 :jfy{sf] 4Gb

:jfy{sf] 4G4
 cfly{s :jfy{

 Gftfjfb s[kfjfb jf ;DjGwsf] nflu kIfkft

 bfg, pkxf/, rGbf, k'/:sf/sf] n]gb]g

e|i6frf/sf] l;4fGt
 ck/fwzf:q
 cfw'lglss/0f
 ;f:s[lts
 g}lts
 Ef8f c;'n
 ck/fwsf] cy{zf:q
 cl:tTjjfb
e|i6frf/sf] l;4fGt
 lk|lG;kn Ph]G6
 :jljj]sL clwsf/
 ;d'x Jojxf/
 cleefjsLo
 ;xeflutf / ;+:yf
 j9L k'hLjfb / sd k'hLjfb
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfo
!= lg/f]wfTds
Zff;sLo Joj:yfdf ;"wf/ u/L e|i6frf/ x"g g;Sg] cj:yf
>[hgf ug]{
@= pkrf/fTds
e|i6frf/df ;nUg x"g]nfO{ sf/jfxL u/]/ k|bz{g k|
efjsf] dfWodjf6 c?nfO{ e|i6frf/ ug{ /f]Sg]
#= k|jw{gfTds
e|i6frf/ lj?4 r]tgf km}nfP/ e|i6frf/sf ultljlw x'g
glbg]
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] r'gf}lt
 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f vlr{nf] zf;sLo ultljlw xf] .
 j9L vr{ ub}{df j9L lgoGq0f x'G5 eGg] Uof/]G6L
x'b}g .
 lgd"{n ug{ vr{sf] lx;fjn] klg ;+ej 5}g .
 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f /fhgLlts / k|zf;sLo hf]lvdsf] ljifo xf] .
 lghfdtL sd{rf/L e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f k|of;sf] cj/f]w ug]
{ cvf8f g} xg\ .
 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf k|of;n] cgk]lIft kl/0ffd klg lbg ;Sb5 .
 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf k|of;n] sfo{ ;+rfngdf cj/f]w klg >[hgf
ug{ ;Sb5 .
e|i6frflgoGq0fdf cfrf/sf] dxTj
 cfrf/sf] kfngf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ;j} eGbf ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L pkfo
xf] .
 :Jffy{sf] 4Gbsf]sf] sf/0f x'g] e|i6frf/hGo ultljlw lgoGq0fdf
cfrf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L9ujf6 pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+DklQ
ljj/0f, ;kltjf6 k[ysLs/0f, k|fKtLsf] 3f]if0ff cflb .
 g]lts lzIff / cfrf/jf/]sf] r]tgf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf
dxTjk"0f{ ;xfos x'G5 . X+us+udf o;sf] Jofks k|of]u kl/Psf]
lyof] .
 g}ltsjfgn] e|i6frf/nfO{ j]7Ls sfo{ dfGb5g\ .
 cfrf/sf] kngf ug]{ sd{rf/L e|i6frf/hGo ultljlwjf6 hf]lvG5 .
lh1f;f, k|Zg jf ;'emfj
5 ls <
?v /f]Kg] ;j} eGbf
pQd ;do jL; jif{ clw
lyof] t/ csf]{ pQd ;do
rfxL clxn] xf] .
wGojfb