Choudhary Charan Singh University Meerut

Topic :- Carbohydrate
Submitted By:- Submitted To:
Simran Dr Rakhi
 Introduction
• Carbohydrates are most abundant organic molecules in
nature
• They are primary composed of the elements carbon,
Hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1)
• Carbohydrate has two functional groups Aldose and
Ketose and it has two or more than two hydroxy group
• Carbohydrate are the sugar, starch and fibers found in
various foods like fruits vegetables grains and dairy
products.
 Classification of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide

 Glucose Starch
 Fructose Glycogen
 Galactose Disaccharide Trisaccharide
Cellulose
Maltose Raffinose Chitin
Lactose
Sucrose
 Monosaccharide
• They are the simplest Carbohydrate
• One sugar unit
• Important single sugar are glucose fructose Galactose

Glucose :- Give energy to body activity

Fructose :- Fruit, Honey, Sweetest Sugar
Galactose :- Milk Sugar
• Monosaccharide are classified on the basis of Carbon atoms
Carbon Atoms Structure Aldose Ketose
Triose C3H6O3 Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxy acetone
Tetrose C4H8O4 Erythrose Erthrulose
Pentose C5H10O5 Ribose Ribulose
Hexose C6H12O6 Glucose Fructose
Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone
Glucose Fructose L - galactose
 Disaccharide
• Disaccharides are simple double sugar
• When two monosaccharide are unite joined together with glycosidic
linkage
• Example:- Maltose, lactose, sucrose
Maltose:- maltose is known as malt sugar
It is formed by the breakdown of the starch
 Lactose
• It is found in milk and milk product milk sugar
• Lactose is less soluble
• Less sweet than sucrose
 Sucrose
• Sweetest sugar
• Sugarcane sugarbeet
• Sucrose is known as table sugar
• It is most abundant Disaccharide found in nature
 Polysaccharides
• When more than 10 sugar unit are combined together than it formed
a polysaccharide
• Examples:- starch, cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen
According to simple sugar polysaccharide are also divided into two
types
1. Homopolysaccharide:- Starch, Glycogen, Chitin, Cellulose
2. Heteropolysaccharide:- heparine
 Starch
• Starch is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin and is found in plant
foods
• Amylose make up 20% of plant Starch
• Amylopectin make up 80% of plant starch
• Starch is a polysaccharide made up of 1,4- linkage between glucose
monomers.
 Glycogen
• Glycogen is the polysaccharide that stores glucose in muscle.
• Glycogen is similar to amylopectin but it is more highly branched
• Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide found in animal
Sources of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates Sources
Glucose Fruit, Corn Syrup
Fructose Fruit, Honey
Galactose Milk
Maltose Backed Starch
Sucrose Sugarcane and beet sugar
Lactose Mail Product
Starch Root and tubers
Glycogen Meat, Sea food
Cellulose Vegetables, outer coat of seed
 Functions of Carbohydrates

• Energy supply for body function

• Essential for the oxidation of fat
• Add flavor to Diet
• Necessary for proper functioning of Central nervous system
• It is essential component of milk as lactose
• Carbohydrates are helpful to absorb Calcium and phosphorus in
younger animals.
Effect of Low Intake of Carbohydrate

• Sudden Death
• Kidney damage
• Increased cancer Risk

Effect of Excess Intake of Carbohydrate

• Weight gain
• Heart Disease
• Type 2 Diabetes