What is Big Bang Theory?

The universe was formed due to the

expansion of singularity.
Singularity - a single, unimaginably hot and
dense point
1. How old is the Universe?

The Universe is thought to be 13.7 billion

years old.
What happened before the Big Bang?

The Big Bang theory offers no explanation of

what came before. Many astronomers believe
there was nothing. Everything, including all
matter and energy we see today in the
Universe, and even time itself, were created
in the Big Bang.
What happened during and after the Big
Bang?
- Singularity(space) expanded
- As the universe expanded, it became less
dense and it began to cool.
- After only a few seconds, protons, neutrons,
and electrons form atom.
- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis happened.
- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis happened when
protons and neutrons combine to form deuterons.
Deuteron (1proton and neutron) collided with
another neutron to form Tritium(1 proton and 2
neutrons).
Tritium collided with proton to form Helium(2
protons and 2 neutrons
- Helium collide with tritium to form lithium
- Helium 4 and Helium 3 to form Beryllium
What happened after the Bigbang?
After the big bang, there was only cold, dark gas and dust where the solar system is now.
About five billion years ago, a giant cloud of gas and dust collapsed to form our solar
system. A large cloud of gas and dust such as the one that formed our solar system is called
a solar nebula. Slowly, gravity began to pull the solar nebula together. As the solar nebula
shrank, it spun faster and faster and eventually flatted into a rotating disk. Gravity pulled
most of the gas into the center of the disk, where the gas eventually became hot and dense
enough for nuclear fusion to begin. The sun was born.
Meanwhile, in the outer parts of the disk, gas and dust formed small asteroid-like bodies
called planetesimals. These formed the building blocks of the planets. Planetesimals
collided and grew larger by sticking together and eventually combining to form the planets.
How light Elements are formed during the
BigBang?
Evidences of Bigbang
1. Edwin Hubble discovered that most of the
galaxies are moving away from us and away
from each other. Hubble also discovered that
there is a relationship between the distance to
a galaxy and its speed. Hubble's law states
that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it
is moving away from us. Hubble's law
provides strong support for the big bang
theory.
Evidences of Bigbang
2.
In 1965, two physicists accidentally detected
faint radiation on their radio telescope. This
mysterious glow was coming from all
directions in space. Scientists later concluded
that this glow, now known as cosmic
background radiation, is radiation left over
from the big bang. Astronomers estimate that
the universe is about 13.7 billion years old.
Evidences of Bigbang
3. • “Big Bang also produced all the
hydrogen and most of the helium that we
have in the universe.
How Far and How Fast?
You know that electromagnetic radiation is energy in the form of waves.
Planets, stars, and galaxies emit electromagnetic radiation. As one of
these objects moves through space toward an observer, the waves of
electromagnetic radiation between the object and the observer move
closer together. That is, the distance between the crests of the waves
decreases, causing the wavelength to shorten. If that same object moved
away from an observer, the waves between the object and the observer
would move farther apart from each other. The distance between the
crests of the waves would increase, and the wavelength would lengthen.
When a star is moving toward Earth very fast, the wavelength of its
light shortens, causing it to appear slightly more blue than usual. If a
star is moving away from Earth very fast, the wavelength of its light
lengthens, causing it to appear slightly more red. By measuring this blue
shift or red shift of light, astronomers can determine whether the star is
moving toward or away from Earth, and how fast. To do this,
astronomers use the shift of spectral lines produced by chemicals in the
star's atmosphere. Astronomers can also use the spectrum of a galaxy to
tell how fast the galaxy is moving toward or away from Earth.
BI
Using the principle of red shift, Edwin Hubble studied the relationship
between a galaxy's distance and the speed at which it moves away from
Earth. He found that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it moves
away from Earth. This relationship is called Hubble's Law.
6. Why is the Universe cooling as it expands?
The Universe had a fixed amount of energy when it was created. As the
Universe expands, this heat energy is spread over an increasing volume
of space. This means that the size of the Universe increases, energy
density decreases and the average temperature of the Universe
decreases.
11. How do gravity and gas pressure interact in the process of galaxy
formation?
Gravity and gas pressure played an essential role in forming the first
stars and galaxies. Gravitational force acted on matter, puling it together
to form giant gas clouds. As particles of matter came closer together
they collided more often, causing gas pressure and temperature in to
increase.
The densest regions became so hot that thermonuclear reactions were
triggered and the first stars lit up in early galaxies.
12. If the Universe continues to expand at an accelerating rate, what do you
think Earth’s inhabitants will see when they look up into the sky billions of years
from now?
In a billion years or so Earth’s inhabitants may have to find somewhere else to live
as the Sun expands and becomes brighter.
Most galaxies will move further apart as the Universe continues to expand. A few
galaxies will be closer and easier to see, most notably our Local Group of galaxies.
In about 4 billion years, the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are expected to
collide and merge to form a new galaxy.
From our galaxy (the Milky Way) most galaxies will appear to be moving away
with increasing speed. Eventually (in 100 billion years or so) they will be moving
away so fast that light from them never reaches us and they recede out of sight.
3. Hubble used redshift and blueshift measurements of light from
distant galaxies to make his discovery. What do we mean by the terms
redshift and blueshift, and what do these measurements tell us about a
galaxy?
Redshift: Light waves travelling towards us from a galaxy moving away
from Earth are stretched. This causes wavelengths to move towards the
red end of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is known as redshift.
Blueshift: Light waves travelling towards us from galaxies moving
towards Earth are shortened. Their wavelengths move toward the blue
end of the spectrum.