ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION EARTH-MOVING AND EXCAVATION

VIBRATORS &
Construction equipment refers to equipments designed
TYPES DOZERS MATERIALS-VIII
1. Internal or Immersion or
or intended for the purpose of construction such Needle Type Vibrator.
as heavy-duty vehicles specially designed for executing 2. Shutter form or External
construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork Type Vibrator.
operations. 3. Surface or Screed or Pan
Type Vibrators
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
Applications:-
Vibrators force the trapped air out of
the mixture leaving the final product a
POWER FLOATS more compact and level slab.

•A power float is a hand-operated machine

used to produce a smooth, dense and level
surface finish to insitu concrete beds. Applications:-
• Power floating eliminates the time and Bulldozers are used for shallow digging and ditching;
materials needed to apply a finishing screed short-range transportation of material.
and is quicker and less labour-intensive
process than hand trowelling SCRAPERS
Types:-
• Ride-on type
• Walk behind type

PUMPS
There are different types of pumps to transfers the water
Types:-
• Centrifugal and positive
displacement and are
. The four types are
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS electric
•single-engine wheeled,
• Gas-powered
•dual-engine wheeled,
• Hydraulic, or manual
•elevating, and
Applications:- • pull-type scrapers.
To remove excess water
accumulated due to heavy Applications:-
rain or high water table. To prepare the ground for paving and to level the
road surface after paving.

ROLLERS/COMPACTERS GRADERS

Types:- There are two types of

• Grid rollers. categories graders can fall
• Smooth wheeled rollers. under:
• Pneumatic tyred rollers. •Rigid frame motor grader and
• Sheepsfoot rollers, etc. • Articulated frame motor grader
SUBMITTED TO-AR. SHAHRUKH
Applications:-
SUBMITTED BY-
To compact loose soil or Applications:- RADHA AGARWAL
asphalt and are primarily They prepare a wide flat base course for the final road surface. (19BARCH0009)
B.ARCH/ 5TH YEAR
used for roads and highway Graders are also used to set native soil or gravel foundation
construction. pads to finish grade before the construction of large buildings. REMARKS SCALE SHEET NO.

1(A)
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS DEVBHOOMI SCHOOL
OF ARCHITECTURE
AND DESIGN
 SHOVELS TRENCHERS
CONSTRUCTION
CONVEYORS
&
Types:-
•Wheel trencher.
Types:-
•Belt
MATERIALS-VIII
•Chain trencher. •Roller
•Micro trencher. •Overhead
•Portable trencher.
•Tractor-mount trencher. Uses:-
To moves aggregate, bulk
Applications:- rock, and borrow material
Types:- To dig trenches, especially for laying pipes or quickly and efficiently.
Applications:- electrical cables, for installing drainage, or in
•Digging Shovel. •Close range work.
•Edging Shovel. preparation for trench warfare.
•Digging very hard materials.
•Trench Shovel. •Removing large boulders. CONCRETE MIXERS
•Mini or Handheld
Shovel.
Types:-
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENTS •Batch Mixer. Continuous Mixer.
SKIMMERS
•Self Loading Mixer..
LORRIES •Forced Mixer.
Applications:- Uses:-
To haul away debris and larger disposable items from the To mix concrete during the
worksite. processing of water, cement, and
aggregate media, or during the
delivery and final pour
preparation.

Types:- Applications:-
•Weir skimmers A floating outlet (skimmer) HOISTS
•Oleophilic skimmers is a dewatering device Types:-
•Suction skimmers for temporary wet or dry •Manual Hoists.
sediment basins. •Electric Hoists.
TRUCKS •Hydraulic Hoists.
BACKACTOR •Piston Hoists.
Types:- •Gear Hoists.
Applications:-
•Concrete mixer truck. •Rotary Vane Hoists.
Backactors can be fitted
with different attachments •Truck cranes. Uses:-
for tasks such as boring, •Industrial trucks. •To lift or lower objects and
digging, excavation and •Dump truck. move them horizontally.
loading. They can also be •Roll-off trucks. •commonly used on high-
used for minor demolition, •Water truck. rise buildings or major
powering building •Manipulator truck. hospitals.
equipment, etc. CRANES
DUMPERS Types:-
•Static cranes
DRAGLINE Types:- •Mobile cranes
•Standard dump truck.
Types:- Uses:-
•Transfer dump truck.
•Crawler mounted. To lift or lower objects and SUBMITTED TO-AR. SHAHRUKH
•Semi trailer end dump
•Wheel-mounted. move them horizontally.
•Truck-mounted. truck. SUBMITTED BY-
Cranes have an important RADHA AGARWAL
•Semi trailer bottom dump (19BARCH0009)
Applications:- truck. significance in constructing B.ARCH/ 5TH YEAR
For building roads and •Double and triple trailer. the structure of the
REMARKS SCALE SHEET NO.
ports, foundations of bases, •Side dump trucks. building. They are
and other civil works. •Off road dump trucks. employed to raise and 1(B)
lower objects.
DEVBHOOMI SCHOOL
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
AND DESIGN
 INTRODUCTION
•Building defect is one of the major components of
building problems that significantly needed attention.
•Building defect occurs to either the new building or
the old ones.
•Common problem in built structure. However,
various defects are more common in an old structure.
•Defined as the deterioration of building features and
services to unsatisfactory quality levels of
requirement of the users.
CLASSICATION OF DEFECTS
 Some common defects in a building:
1. CRACKS
2. DAMPNESS
CRACKS
• According to the construction, the occurrence of
wall crack is because: they are overloaded or
because the structure has settled or heaved.
CAUSES:
i. It is the nature of many construction materials
to crack as they age
ii. as they expand and contract
iii. with exposure to moisture as they get wet and
dry out alternately.
• Crack defect have classified as visible damage to
walls. There is having different state in category of
damage, and degree of damage.
Categories of cracks in building
Different cracks in building
PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF CRACKS
The principal mechanism causing non-
structural cracks in the building are:
•Moisture change
•Drying shrinkage
•Elastic deformation
•Chemical reaction
•Growth of vegetation
•Thermal movement
•Creep
•Foundation movement and settlement of soil
Cracks in brickwork
•Cracks in bricks may allow water to enter the
materials resulting in further deterioration.
• The water may also cause the cracks to worsen
when it freezes and thaws as the water contracts
and expands based on the temperatures.
Horizontal Cracks: These types of cracks are
formed when the soil pushes against the
foundation and causes the walls to bow
inward. These horizontal brick cracks can
indicate serious foundation failure.
Defective flashing
When flashing cracks or is
bent upward, moisture is able
to run inside to the roof seams.
the end of the flashing has
not been turned up at the
ends.
The flashing in this case should have been turned up
at the ends to prevent the leaks at the door sill
Vertical and horizontal crack in panel CONSTRUCTION
wall in rcc framed structure &
•Panels wall too lightly built to the R.C.C. beams so that the
beams are not free to deflect
MATERIALS-VIII
•load is transmitted the wall and vertical and horizontal cracks
are produced directly depending upon which wall is more
slender
PRECAUTIONS • Cast flooring in panels do adequate
curing in the initial period of hardening of concrete.
Horizontal cracks between brick
parapet wall and roof slab
• Due to thermal expansion and arching of slab ,it is not
free to expand .this situation mainly occurs in case of non REMEDIES •Some gap should be left between top of panel
wall and soffit beam /slab so that beam can deflect freely. •This
projecting slab.
gap can be fill by weak mortar .
If lateral support is required to be given to wall beam then some
special lateral connections can be made in such a way free
deflection of beam is not hindered in vertical direction
Defects due to dampness
•REMEDIES. •Providing a groove in plaster at the junction
•put wire mesh in the plaster at the junction of parapet wall Dampness may occur due to bad design, faulty construction and
and slab . use of poor quality of materials. This dampness affects the life of
•Provide adequate insulation cover the building & creates unhygienic conditions in a building.
Cracks in load bearing masonry
wall below RCC slab
•Due to absence of slip joint
between RCC slab and wall
may also cause cracking in
the wall.
Defects caused by dampness in building
•The movement of the slab
may also cause cracking in  Efflorescence result in damage to bricks, stones, tiles etc.

masonry at lintel and Softening and crumbling of plaster.
 Bleaching and flaking of paint with the formation of patches.
window sill level because
 Warping, buckling and rotting of timber.
here the masonry is weak
 Corrosion of metals.
 Cause deterioration to electrical fittings.
Diagonal cracks in wall over rcc lintels Promotes growth of termites.

Due to drying shrinkage and sudden
Creates unhealthy living conditions for the occupants.
deflection of lintels after removal of CAUSES
shuttering. 1. Dampness rising through the
•REMEDIES- Use precast lintels for foundation walling
small openings. 2. Splashing rain water after hitting the
•Construct brick wall over lintel after wall
it has undergone considerable 3. Penetration of rain water(unprotected
shrinkage. tops of walls, parapet, compound walls.
4. Not proper slope in Sloped roofs.
General measures for protection of 5. In flat roofs, inadequate roof slopes,
improper rainwater pipe connections,
cracks Methods of Preventing Dampness in Buildings
SUBMITTED TO-AR. SHAHRUKH

Random Cracks in flooring 1. Selection of materials •Membrane damp proofing SUBMITTED BY-
RADHA AGARWAL
•Flooring has been cast continuously without making 2. Specification for mortar and concrete •Integral damp proofing (19BARCH0009)
panels. 3. Good construction practices •Surface treatment B.ARCH/ 5TH YEAR
•Cracks occur due to development of tensile stresses on 4. Weather effects •Guniting REMARKS SCALE SHEET NO.
account of shrinkage and thermal contraction of •Cavity wall construction
concrete & occur mostly in the first dry spell. 2
DEVBHOOMI SCHOOL
DEFECTS AND REMEDIES IN A BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE
AND DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
The term 'formwork' referst to a temporary mould into
which concrete is poured and formed so that it can set to the
required shape. Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber
shuttering, but it can also be constructed from steel, glass fibre
reinforced plastics, plywood and other materials.
Shuttering is most common type of formwork, constructed on
site using timber and plywood. A special grade of plywood is
necessary for shuttering, as it must be water resistant. Shuttering is
relatively easy to produce, although it can be time consuming for
large structures or complex shapes. This type of temporary
formwork is used when the labour costs are
lower than the cost of producing reusable formwork from materials
such as steel or plastic.
TYPES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
The steel reinforcement used in concrete construction is mainly
of 4 types:
1. Hot Rolled Deformed Steel Bars
2. Cold Worked Steel Bars
3. Mild Steel Plain Bars
4. Prestressing Steel Bars
1. Hot Rolled Deformed
Bars
Hot rolled deformed bars are most commonly
used steel reinforcement for R.C.C structures.
As the name says, the hot rolling of the
reinforcement is undergone leaving certain
deformations on its surface in the form of
ribs. These ribs help to form a bond with the
concrete. The typical yield strength of
hot-rolled deformed bars is 60000psi.
2. Cold Worked Steel Bars
A cold worked reinforcement bar is
obtained by letting the hot rolled steel bars
to undergo cold working. In the cold
working process, the bars will undergo
twisting and drawing. The process is
performed at room temperature. The cold
worked steel bars do not undergo a plastic
yield thus have less ductility when
compared with hot rolled bars.
3. Mild Steel Plain Bars
CONSTRUCTION
3. Transit mixed concrete
The mild steel plain reinforcement bars do not Transit mixed concrete is made when all the &
have ribs on their surface. They have a plain
surface. These bars are used for small
basic ingredients (water inclusive) are combined
in the truck mixer. While loading the
MATERIALS-VIII
projects where the major concern is the construction materials, the truck’s mixer drum
economy. The tensile yield strength of these bars rotates very fast at charging speed.After which, it
has a value of 40000psi. slowly rotates until it reaches a normal agitating
speed. Transit mixed concrete comes in three
variations:
4. Prestressing Steel Bars
The prestressing steel reinforcement are steel bars used in the form of TYPES OF FORMWORK
strands or tendons. Multiple strands are employed in concrete in order A range of different types of formwork are described below. • Beam formwork
to perform the prestressing action. The strands are made of multiple Formwork for beams takes the form of a three-sided box which is supported and
wires either 2 or 3 or 7 wire strands. The wires propped in the correct position and to the
used here are cold formed and have a high desired level. The removal time for the formwork will vary with air
tensile strength ranging from 250000 – 270000 temperature, humidity and consequent curing rate. Typical
psi. This high strength helps to effectively striking times are as follows (using air temperature of 7-16 ºC):
prestress the concrete. •Beam sides: 9-12 hours.
•Beam soffits: 8-14 days.
•Beam props: 15-21 days.
FORMWORK SPECIFICATIONS
Formwork should be: 
 Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads.
 Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced
horizontally and vertically.
 Designed constructed to prevent leakage of cement grout, with sealed
joints.
 Capable of being removed in various parts without damaging the
concrete.
 Suitable for reuse.
 Set accurately to the desired line.
• Column formwork
 As lightweight as possible. This consists of a vertical mould of the desired shape
 Resistant to warping and distortion.  and size for the column to be poured. As a means of
 Resting on a firm base. keeping the formwork material thickness to a
minimum, horizontal steel or timber clamps (or
Ready Mix Concrete yokes) are used at equal centres for batch filling and
at varying centres for filling that is completed in one
Ready-mix concrete is custom-made concrete that has been manufactured in a pour.The head of the column formwork can be used
factory or within a batch plant based on specific mix designs. RMC is known for to provide support for the beam formwork, but while
its durability and sustainability and is generally delivered in one of two ways: this gives good top lateral restraint it can make the
Types of Ready-made Concrete formwork complex. Alternatively, the column can be
Ready-mix concrete can comes in three types depending upon the specific cast to the underside of the beams. Later on, a collar
mixture of ingredients : of formwork can be clamped around the cast column
1. Central mixed concrete to complete the casting and support the
Also known as central batching plant concrete, incoming beam formwork.
central mixed concrete is formed when concrete is
mixed thoroughly before being loaded into a truck • Plastic formwork
mixer. While the concrete in transit, the truck Re-usable plastic formwork is generally
mixer functions as an agitator only.Non-agitating used for quick pours of concrete. The
units or dump trucks can also be employed when formwork is assembled either from
the workability requirement is low or the lead is interlocking panels or from a modular
less. system and is used for relatively simple
concrete structures. It is not as versatile
2. Shrink mixed concrete as timber formwork due to the SUBMITTED TO-AR. SHAHRUKH
The concrete formed from shrink mixed concrete
prefabrication requirements and is best SUBMITTED BY-
has been partially mixed in the truck-mounted drum
suited to lost-cost, repetitive structures RADHA AGARWAL
mixer during transit.The amount of mixing in transit (19BARCH0009)
such as mass housing schemes.
is dependent on how much mixture is done in the B.ARCH/ 5TH YEAR
Stay-in-place structural formwork is
central mixing plant. A best practice would be for
generally assembled on site using REMARKS SCALE SHEET NO.
tests to be carried to establish the requirement of
mixing the drum mixer.
prefabricated fibre-reinforced plastic.
3
DEVBHOOMI SCHOOL
FORMS AND CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE
AND DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
•Advanced Structural Concretes (ASCs) are a group of concrete
materials that exhibit superior properties compared to
conventional concrete.
•They are designed to meet the demanding requirements of
modern construction projects, which often call for higher
strength, durability, and sustainability.
•ASCs are typically produced by incorporating special
admixtures, aggregates, or supplementary cementitious
materials into the concrete mix.
high-performance
concrete ( HPC)
STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
•Structural lightweight concrete (LWC) is a type of
concrete that has a density of less than 2,000 kg/m?
(125 lb/ft3).
•This makes it significantly lighter than conventional
concrete, which typically has a density of around 2,400
kg/m3 (150 lb/ft?).
•LWC is made with lightweight aggregates, which are
porous materials that contain air pockets. These air
pockets reduce the density of the concrete without
sacrificing strength.
•Common types of lightweight aggregates include
expanded shale, scoria, and pumice.
• PROPERTIES
• Lighter weight: LWC can be up to 50% lighter than
conventional concrete, reducing
transportation
and
construction costs.
•Improved workability: LWC is more fluid and easier to
place and finish than conventional concrete.
•Better thermal insulation: LWC has a lower thermal
conductivity than conventional concrete, helping to
reduce energy costs.
•Increased fire resistance: LWC is more resistant to fire
than conventional concrete, protecting buildings from
fire damage.
•Reduced dead load: LWC's lighter weight reduces the
load on foundations and structural elements, allowing
for more efficient designs.
• CLASSIFICATION
There are three main classifications of structural
lightweight concrete (LWC) based on the method of
production:
1. Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LAC):-
• PROPERTIES
•HSC can have compressive strengths up to 150 MPa (21,750 psi), which is more
CONSTRUCTION
•LAC is made with lightweight aggregates that are used in place of
normal weight aggregates.
than 6 times stronger than conventional concrete.
•HSC is more resistant to cracking, erosion, and other forms of damage than
&
•The lightweight aggregates can be natural or manufactured.
•LAC is the most common type of LWC.
conventional concrete. MATERIALS-VIII
•HSC has lower permeability than conventional concrete, which means it is less no
•It is strong, durable, and has a good fire resistance. likely to allow water and other fluids to penetrate it.
•It is often used in high-rise buildings, long-span bridges, and precast •HSC shrinks less than conventional concrete, which reduces the risk of cracking.
concrete elements. •HSC has better fire resistance than conventional concrete, which makes it suitable
2. Aerated Concrete (AC):- for use in high-rise buildings.
•AC is made by introducing air into the concrete mix. •HSC is lighter than conventional concrete, which can reduce the weight of
•This can be done through a variety of methods, such as using a structures and save on material costs.
foaming agent or entraining air.
•AC is a lighter and more insulating type of LWC. • CLASSIFICATION
•It is often used in residential construction, where its thermal insulation •Materials:-
properties can help to reduce energy costs. 1.0PC (Ordinary Portland Cement).
3. No-Fines Concrete (NFC) 2.Fine Aggregates.
•NFC is made with only coarse aggregates and no 3.Coarse Aggregates.
• fine aggregates. •Method of Production:-
•This type of concrete is not as common as LAC or 1.Normal Mixing.
AC, but it can be used for certain applications. 2.Post-Mixing Admixture (PMA).
•NFC is a more porous type of LWC. 3.Superplasticizer.
•It is often used in applications where soundproofing is important, such •Strength:-
as in walls and floors. 1.Compressive Strength.
• AVAILABILITY 2.Tensile Strength.
•North America: Major LWC producers in North America include 3.Flexural Strength.
Lafarge, Cemex, CRH, Vulcan Materials, and U.S. Concrete. • AVAILABILITY
•Europe: Major LWC producers in Europe include HeidelbergCement, •North America: HSC is widely available in North America,
Holcim, Saint-Gobain, Sika, and BASF. with several companies producing it.
•Asia: Major LWC producers in Asia include China National Building LafargeHolcim, Cemex, and CEMEX are some of the major
Materials, producers of HSC in the region.
• Taiheiyo Cement, India Cements, ACC, and Ambuja Cement. •Europe: HSC is also widely available in Europe, with several
companies producing it.
•ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
HeidelbergCement, Holcim, Saint-Gobain, Sika, and BASF
LWC can be up to 50% lighter than conventional LWC is typically not as strong as
are some of the major producers of HSC in the region.
concrete, reducing transportation and construction conventional concrete.
•Asia: HSC is becoming increasingly available in Asia, with
costs. LWC tends to shrink more than
several companies producing it. China National Building
LWC is more fluid and easier to place and finish conventional concrete, increasing the risk Materials (CNBM), Taiheiyo Cement, India Cements, ACC,
than conventional concrete. of cracking. and Ambuja Cement are some of the major producers of HSC
LWC has a lower thermal conductivity than LWC absorbs more water than in the region.
conventional concrete, helping to reduce energy conventional concrete.
costs. LWC may not be as readily available as • ADVANTAGES
LWC is more resistant to fire than conventional conventional concrete in some regions,
• DISADVANTAGES
concrete, protecting buildings from fire damage. •High compressive •Higher cost.
especially in rural areas or developing
strength. •Reduced workability.
countries.
•Good durability. •Increased susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
LWC can be slightly more expensive than
•Lower permeability. •Potential for delayed ettringite formation (DEF).
conventional concrete.
•Reduced shrinkage. •Need for specialized expertise.
• USES •Improved fire resistance.
•Reduced weight.
• USES
SUBMITTED TO-AR. SHAHRUKH
SUBMITTED BY-
RADHA AGARWAL
STRUCTURAL HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE (19BARCH0009)
B.ARCH/ 5TH YEAR
It is a type of concrete with a compressive strength of 50
MPa (7,250 psi) or higher. It is made with a combination of high-quality cement, REMARKS SCALE SHEET NO.
fine aggregates, and water-reducing + admixtures. HSC is often used in high-rise
buildings, long-span bridges, and other applications where high strength is required.
4
DEVBHOOMI SCHOOL
FORMS AND MATERIALS FOR SPEEDY CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE
AND DESIGN
 CONSTRUCTION
&
MATERIALS-VIII

SUBMITTED TO-AR. SHAHRUKH

SUBMITTED BY-
RADHA AGARWAL
(19BARCH0009)
B.ARCH/ 5TH YEAR

REMARKS SCALE SHEET NO.

DEVBHOOMI SCHOOL
DEFECTS AND REMEDIES IN A BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE
AND DESIGN
 CONSTRUCTION
&
MATERIALS-VIII

SUBMITTED TO-AR. SHAHRUKH

SUBMITTED BY-
RADHA AGARWAL
(19BARCH0009)
B.ARCH/ 5TH YEAR

REMARKS SCALE SHEET NO.

DEVBHOOMI SCHOOL
DEFECTS AND REMEDIES IN A BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE
AND DESIGN