KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE

Types of communication
Dr Alimudeen S
MVSc Scholar
Department of Veterinary and AH
Extension Education
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
 INTRODUCTION
 The word communication comes from the Latin word COMMUNICATE which can be
defined as the process of imparting, participating, or sharing a set of information to
others.
 Thayer(1968) referred to as four levels of analysis of human communication.
 These levels are

I. Interpersonal communication
II. Intrapersonal communication
III. organizational communication
IV. Interorganizational communication
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIS OF CHANNEL

Verbal/Oral communication
Written Communication
Non-verbal Communication
1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
“Speaking” + “Listening” = “Verbal Communication.”
Characteristics of verbal communication
 The message being communicated is directly or indirectly related
to an object
 The content should be understood by both the sender and receiver
 Cultural factors influence the content of messages
 While communicating emotions and feelings, a sender’s state of
mind influences the content of messages
1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Verbal communication is defined as communication to express our views, information,
and ideas in the form of sound and words. The spoken part usually involves face-to-face
communication.
a) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

 It refers to communicating with one’s self.

 This is your private verbal communication channel.
 You talk to yourself and articulate your thoughts.
 Communicating with yourself will give you more confidence and
clarity in your thoughts.
 It’ll help you make up your mind, form your sentences, find
suitable words and effective ways to connect with other people.
b) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION.

 As Smith(1966) says, living is largely a matter of communicating, thus it would be difficult to

make much sense of people and their behaviour towards one another without taking
communication in to account.
 According to Thayer(1968), it would be difficult to talk about human communication without
taking into account something about the nature of people.
 also call this one-to-one verbal communication.
 This type of communication happens between two individuals.
c) SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

 Interactions among three or more people who are connected through a common
purpose.
 You move from communicating with a single participant to a few more.
 These small groups could be team meetings, board meetings or sales meetings.
 The number of participants is small enough for everyone to communicate with
each other.
 Size and structure also affect communication within a group (Ellis & Fisher,
1994).
d) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

An individual addresses a large number of people at

once.
Speeches, election campaigns and presentations are a
few examples of public communication.
The number of people in the audience is larger in this
type of communication
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION REQUIRE

 Public speaker - the person that talks and shares the information; gives the
presentation.
 Audience - the group of people that listen and want to find out what is told
by public speakers
 The channel used to deliver the message (audio, video, visual presentation)
 logistics to present the message visually and/or audio
 The message it delivers by speaking/communicating the message
MERITS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

• It is the least time consuming, is more direct, simple and the least
expensive.
• It is more communicative and effective.
• It provides an immediate feedback.
• Since every information cannot be put into writing, most of it is conveyed
by means of oral instructions, mutual discussions and telephonic
conversations.
DEMERITS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 Verbal talks may often be distorted if there is some cause of indifference between the
receiver and the sender.
 Due to various communication gaps, as a result of physical or personal barriers
communication is incomplete.
 Not convenient for long messages.
 Spontaneous responses may not be carefully thought.
 The spoken words can be more easily misunderstood than the written words.
11.WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

 A ‘Written Communication’ means the sending of messages, orders or

instructions in writing through letters, circulars, manuals, reports, telegrams,
memos, bulletins, etc.
 It is a formal method of communication and is less flexible.
 A written document preserved properly becomes a permanent record for future
reference.
 It is time-consuming, costly and unsuitable for confidential and emergent
communication.
ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION:

1. It is suitable for long distance communication and repetitive standing orders.

2. It creates permanent record of evidence. It can be used for future reference.
3. It gives the receiver sufficient time to think, act and react.
4. It can be used as legal document.
5. It can be sent to many persons at a time.
6. It is suitable for sending statistical data, chart, diagram, pictures, etc.
 DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION:
1. It is time-consuming
2. It is expensive not so much due to postal charges but in terms of so many
people spending so much of their time.
3. It cannot maintain strict secrecy which would have been possible in oral
communi­cation.
4. Written communication has no scope for immediate clarification if not
understood properly.
5. Being written in nature it is less flexible and cannot be changed easily.
6. It is not effective in the case of emergency.
III. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

 Nonverbal communication (NVC) is the transmission of messages or

signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions,
gestures, posture, and the distance between two individuals.
 Nonverbal communication is also known as “silent language.”
 Body Language is technically known as kinesics.
 Body movements include gestures, facial expressions and other physical
movements.
TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

They are 9 types of nonverbal communication

1. Facial Expressions: Facial expressions are responsible for a
huge proportion of nonverbal communication. The look on a
person's face is often the first thing we see, even before we hear
what they have to say. The facial expressions for happiness,
sadness, anger, and fear are similar throughout the world.
2. Gestures: Deliberate movements and signals are an important
way to communicate meaning without words. Common gestures
include waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric
amounts.
3. Paralinguistics: It refers to vocal communication that is separate
from actual language. This includes factors such as tone of voice,
loudness, inflection, and pitch.
4. Body Language and Posture: Posture and movement can also
convey a great deal of information, this can indicate feelings and
attitudes.
5. Proxemics: The branch of knowledge that deals with the amount
of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves
and others.
6. Haptics: Haptic communication is a branch of nonverbal
communication that refers to the ways in which people and
animals communicate and interact via the sense of touch. Touch is
the most sophisticated and intimate of the five senses.
7. Appearance: Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles, and other
factors affecting appearance are also considered a means of
nonverbal communication
8. Artifacts: Objects and images are also tools that can be used to
communicate nonverbally.
9. Eye Gaze: The eyes play an important role in nonverbal
communication and such things as looking, staring and blinking
are important nonverbal behaviors.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIS OF DIRECTION

i. UPWARD COMMUNICATION
ii. DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
iii.HORIZONTAL OR LATERAL COMMUNICATION
iv. DIAGONAL OR CROSSWISE COMMUNICATION
i. UPWARD COMMUNICATION:

The function of upward communication is to send

information, suggestions, complaints and grievances of the
lower level workers to the managers above.
It is, therefore, more participative in nature.
This is a direct result of increasing democratization.
This is also called Up Stream Communication.
ii. DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION:

Communication in the first place, flows downwards.

Traditionally this direction has been highlighted or emphasized.
It is based on the assumption that the people working at higher
levels have the authority to communicate to the people working at
lower levels.
This direction of communication strengthens the authoritarian
structure of the organization.
This is also called Down Stream Communication.
iii. LATERAL OR HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION:

 This type of communication can be seen taking place between persons

operating at the same level or working under the same executive
 The main use of this dimension of communication is to maintain
coordination and review activities assigned to various subordinates.
 The best example of lateral communication can be seen in the
interaction between production and marketing departments.
iv. DIAGONAL OR CROSSWISE COMMUNICATION:

 Diagonal or crosswise communication takes place when people working at

the same level of interaction.
 Diagonal communication is a sort of hybrid between vertical and
horizontal communication.
 It's a direct dialogue between employees of differing ranks who are not in
the same chain of command.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIS OF
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

 FORMAL COMMUNICATION
 INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
 (A) FORMAL COMMUNICATION
 Communications which are associated with a formal organization
structure and which are to be sent through the formal or officially
recognized channels are called formal communications.
 Generally, orders, instructions, decisions, of the superior officer, etc. are
communicated through this channel.
 Formal communication typically refers to an official interchange of
information.
 The formal communication follows a proper predefined channel of
communication and is deliberately controlled.
TYPES OF FORMAL COMMUNICATION

There are several forms of Formal Communication Network

that individuals use to get their message transmitted to others.
i. Upward Communication
ii. Downward Communication
iii.Horizontal or Lateral Communication
iv. Diagonal or Crosswise Communication
(B) INFORMAL COMMUNICATION.

 Informal communications are also known as 'grapevine' communications.

 In the case of informal communication, the formal channels of
communication are not used.
 The casual and unofficial form of communication wherein the
information is exchanged spontaneously
 The informal communication is characterized by an indefinite channel of
communication
TYPES OF INFORMAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK

There are four types of Informal Communication (Grapevine)

network
i. Single Strand Chain
ii. Gossip Chain
iii. Probability Chain
iv. Cluster Chain
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION IN AN ORGANIZATION

I. INTRAORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
II. INTERORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
 I. INTRAORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION

 According to Thayer(1968) points out, organizational communication

refers to all of those data-flows that subserve the organizations
communication and intercommunication processes in some way.
 It is a distinct form of communication as it occurs in a highly structured
setting.
 It should be two way communication where in ideas should travel to-and-
from, with out distortion of bias.
 It determines the quality and climate of human relationships in an
organization.
SYSTEMS OF INTRAORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION

A. The operational communication system

B. The regulatory communication system
C. The maintenance and development of communication
A) THE OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

 Through this system, the data about task related activities and operations
are communicated within the organization from its different sources
generating it.
 Very often intermediate processing is involved for its acquisition and
ultimate consumption by organization members.
B) THE REGULATORY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

 Through this system, orders, rules, instructions are conveyed as information

processing functions and regulate organization members.
 Regulatory functions initiated by organizational managers may be with in or outside
the organization.
 Thayer (1968): These regulatory messages are thus the natural consequence of the
problem-definition behaviour of the organizations managers.
 C)THE MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

 This refers to providing feedback regarding the conditions of the people or

communication channel.
 Upon this the organization is dependent for the inflow of resources or information
from the environment.
 People in the organization determines the operating effectiveness and efficiency of
any human organization.
 This system ensures preventive maintenance or remedial information of one sort or
the other.
II. INTERORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION.

 This refers to systems developed by each organization to communicate with another

organization.
 It would be to our advantage to conceive of interorganizational communication as
interorganizational data transportation linkage.
 Communication, as contrasted with data generation, dissemination, and the
acquisition process of intercommunication, always occurs within some individuals.
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