ORIFICE METER

PREPARED BY
ANANDA MOHAN JANA(21/CHE/006)
University Roll No-10300621006
University Reg. No-211030100610084
 Introduction to Orifice Meter:
• Orifice Meter Definition:

• The orifice Meter or Plate can be defined as the device in Fluid Mechanics and machinery
which is used for measuring the flowing fluid rate or in other terms the average velocity. The
orifice meter or Plate works on the principle of Bernoulli’s theorem and that is the sum of all the
energy at a point is equal to the sum of all the energy at other point.

• An orifice meter is a device that can measure the flow rate in a pipe by using an orifice plate. It
can measure volumetric flow rates, this measuring device operates on the same principle as
venturi meter which is Bernoulli’s principle and the principle states that the pressure and
velocity of the fluid are related, like if the velocity increases then the pressure will decrease and
vice versa. Orifice plates are used for a wide range of applications of fluid and operating
conditions. It is economical and doesn’t need regular maintenance.
Construction of Orifice Meter:
 • Orifice Meter Consists of following four Parts:

• Inlet Section
• Orifice Plate
• Flow Conditioner and
• Outlet section

• Inlet Section:

The name inlet section means the fluid will enter into the orifice meter through the inlet section.

• Orifice Plate:

The orifice plate is situated between the inlet and outlet and the plate is used to generate pressure drop that will
enable the flow rate. The orifice plate construction: It is thin size having one hole from that the water will pass.

• Flow Conditioner:

The flow conditioner is used to increase the linear flow in the inlet section of the meter tube. The flow
conditioner is installed nearly the inlet section of the meter tube.

• Outlet Section:

Now Here in the outlet section, the pressure of the fluid is being discharged and determined.
Working Principle of an Orifice Meter:

• The working of the orifice meter is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation. As you can see in
the diagram there is a pipe in which fluid is passing from one side to another side that is an inlet to
outlet. The manometer is attached hereto measure the pressure differences between two-point.
• Now we place an orifice plate which is thin in size and having a small hole in between through which
the fluid will pass. Now when the increases in the velocity, the decrease in the pressure and it is vice
versa.
• The place of the orifice plate in the pipe only determines the flow rate or discharge at that point only.
The discharge can be calculated by the formula and that will be explained in the derivation section.
 • Hydraulic Coefficients of Orifice Meter:
There are four hydraulic coefficient of Orifice meter and those are:
1.Coefficient of Contraction
2.Coefficient of Velocity
3.Coefficient of Resistance
4. Coefficient of Discharge

Coefficient of Contraction:

Coefficient of contraction can be defined as the ratio of the area of the jet at vena contracta to the area of
Orifice.

Coefficient of Velocity:

Coefficient of Velocity can be defined as the ratio of actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical
velocity of the jet.

Coefficient of Resistance:

Coefficient of resistance can be defined as the ratio of loss of head in the orifice to the head of water
available at the exit of the orifice.

Coefficient of Discharge:

The coefficient of discharge can be defined as the ratio of Qact (actual discharge) to the Qthe (theoretical
discharge).
• Calculating Flow Rate:
• According to Bernoulli’s theorem.....
• In an incompressible, ideal fluid when the flow is steady and continuous, the sum of pressure
energy, kinetic energy and potential energy will be constant along a stream line.
• Assumptions
• Assumptions made for deriving the expression of discharge through the orifice meter is as
mentioned here.
• 1. Fluid is ideal, i.e. inviscid and incompressible.
• 2. Fluid flow is steady and continuous
• 3. Fluid flow is irrotational
• 4. Frictionless inner surface
We will have following equation after applying Bernoulli’s equation at section 1 and section 2.
• Let A₀ is the area of the orifice
• Co-efficient of contraction, CC = A₂/A₀
• Advantages of Orifice meter:

• Low cost and simple construction

• Easily installed
• Regular maintenance is not needed
• Easy replacement
• There are no moving parts
• It is capable to measure gases or liquids with high accuracy
• It is available in any sizes
• It would only occupy a small space
• They have low range capacity

• Disadvantages of orifice meter:

• The power consumption of this meter is high because of the high frictional loss
• It cannot be used for dirty fluids, slurries, and wet steam
• The process line is affected in the impulse line, the potential of freezing and plugging
• Its accuracy will be affected by changes in the temperature, viscosity, and density
• The measuring range is limited by fluid viscosity
• Pressure loss and clogging
• Downstream pressure recovery is very poor
• The chances of plate corroding are high and it can cause inaccuracy
Application of an Orifice Meter:
• Fluid flow rates in a pipe can be measured
• It is used in natural gas plants and water treatment plants
• Petrochemicals and refineries
• It is used in the oil filtration plant

Conclusion:
While orifice meters boast several advantages such as their simplicity, low cost, and suitability for high-pressure
systems, they are not without limitations. Pressure losses, sensitivity to fluid properties, and the need for regular
maintenance are challenges that must be addressed. Additionally, advancements in flow measurement technologies
continually challenge the dominance of orifice meters, prompting ongoing innovation and refinement in their design
and application.
Nevertheless, the enduring utility and widespread adoption of orifice meters underscore their significance in
industrial and domestic contexts alike. As industries evolve and demand for precise flow measurement grows, the
role of orifice meters remains indispensable, serving as reliable workhorses in the quest for operational excellence
and resource optimization.
 • References:
• 1. https://chat.openai.com/
• 2. https://www.wikipedia.org/
• 3.https://www.slideshare.net/nehawadekar1/governor-242696627
• 4. https://www.nj.gov/njoem/pdf/wem_4.pdf
• 5. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/governor/
• 6. https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/governor

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