MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 3
Describes sets of data
Halimatun Saadiah Bakar
Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering,
Management and Science University
Email: halimatun_saadiah@msu.edu.my
Mobile/ WA: +6013-2827567

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 1

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Describes
Sets of
Data

Grouped data
Ungrouped data - data organized and
- raw data which has summarized in a
not been organized frequency distribution
numerically table

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 2

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Learning
Outcome:
1) Ungrouped data

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 3

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Introduction: Type of Data

Quantitative Qualitative (non-

(numerical numbers) numerical)

Continuous Categorical
- in point - collection of information that
- through process of measuring is divided into groups
Eg : weight, height, speed, time Eg: colour, nationality, type of
taken car

Discrete
Ordinal
- not in point
- ordered categories
- acquired through process of
Eg: school level, education
counting
level, grade
Eg: no of students, no of book

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 4

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Introduction : ungrouped data

1) mean

4) Standard
deviation &
Ungrouped 2) median
Variance data

3) mode

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 5

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

1) Mean,
• Mean of a set of ‘n’ number. (n= no of data/sample)

x1  x2  x3    x
x 
n n
Example:
A sample of 10 students in MSU shown the total credit hour taken in
their first semester.
19, 18, 21, 18, 20, 19, 22, 21, 18, 21
Find the mean.
19  18  21  18  20  19  22  21  18  21
x
10
 19.5  20 # Since credit hour cannot in point (exact value)

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 6

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Example:
1) To obtain grade A, Susan must achieve an average of at least 75
marks in four tests. If her average mark for the first three tests is
70, calculate the lowest mark she must get in her fourth test in
order to obtain grade A.
2) The mean of five numbers is 7 and the mean of four other
numbers is 12. Find the mean of the nine numbers combined.

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 7

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

2) Median,
• Middle value of a set numbers arranged in order of magnitude.
Case 1: n is odd
th

- The  n  1 
 observation
 2 
Step to find median
Example: 1) Rearrange the data
Find the median of the following data in ascending order
2) Identify the value
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 21, 22
of n and follow the
th th
case
Case 2 : n is even n  and  n  1
2 2 
- Average of the observations

Example:
Find the median of the following data
17, 18, 21,LIVES,
TRANSFORMING 20, 19, 22
ENRICHING FUTURE 8
 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

3) Mode,
• Value that occurs with the highest frequency in a set of data.
• Identify the mode by mere inspection.

Example:
Find the mode of the following data
17, 18, 18, 21, 19,20, 18, 22, 21, 21
Mode = 18 and 21 #

Example:
Find the mode of the following data
9, 11, 14, 6, 13, 8, 9, 11, 10, 11
Mode = 11 #

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 9

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

4) Standard Deviation & Variance

• Standard deviation

 
2
 xi  x Standard deviation measures how far
 apart numbers are in a data set. Variance,
n 1 on the other hand, gives an actual value to
how much the numbers in a data set vary
from the mean.
• Variance
2
 
 
2
Notation:
  xi  x  = data value
 
2

 n 1  = mean
  = total no of data

 
2
 xi  x

n 1

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 10

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Example:
• Find the standard deviation and variance of the scores 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

step 1
6  7  8  9  10
mean, x  8
5 Step 3: formula
step 2 i) Standard deviation
ii) variance
6 8 -2 4
4 1 0 1 4 10
7 8 -1 1    1.58 #
5 1 4
8 8 0 0 10
 2   2.5 #
9 8 1 1 4
10 8 2 4

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 11

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Exercise:
1) Find the standard deviation and variance for the following data
62, 63, 65, 64, 64, 68, 68, 69, 72, 66

2) The weight in pounds for 5 students in a Mathematics class are 140, 129,
128, 138 and 124. Find the standard deviation and variance.

3) 11 fish are sampled from a lake and their lengths were measured. The
lengths, in centimetres of the fish are 17, 16, 10, 17, 17, 16, 14, 14, 16, 10
and 14. Calculate the standard deviation and variance.

4) Given the following set of data

165, 173, 166, 181, 166, 179, 168, 174, 166, 170
Find the mean, median, mode, standard deviation and variance

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 12

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Learning Outcome:

2) Grouped Data

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 13

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Introduction : Grouped Data

1) Mean

5) Standard
deviation & 2) Median
variance
Grouped
data

4) 1st quartile,
3rd quartile & 3) Mode
interquartile

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 14

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Grouped Data
Without Class Interval With Class Interval

Important terms: Important terms:

1) = total number of data
2) = frequency
3) = cumulative frequency
1) = total number of data
2) = frequency
3) = mid point
4) = cumulative frequency
5) Class limit
6) Class boundaries
7) = class size/class width

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 15

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

1) Mean
• Grouped data without class interval

 fx Notation:
x = frequency
f = data value

• Grouped data with class interval

 fx Notation:
x = frequency
f = mid point

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 16

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

2) Median
• Grouped data without class interval
Step to find median
Case 1: n is odd 1) Rearrange the data in
- The  n  1 th observation ascending order
  2) Add column for
 2 
cumulative frequency
Case 2 : n is even 3) Identify the value of n
- Average of the  n 
th
n 
th
observations and follow the case
  and   1
2 2 
Notation:
• Grouped data with class interval = lower boundary of the median
- Identify the median class, then use formula class
= total number of data
n  = cumulative frequency before
  Fm 1  the median class

x  Lm   2
C = frequency of the median class
 f m  = class width/class size
 
TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 17
 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

3) Mode
• Grouped data without class interval
- Identify the data value with the highest frequency (By mere inspection)

• Grouped data with class interval

- Identify the modal class, then use formula

  1 
x  Lmo   C
 1   2  Notation:
= lower boundary of the modal class
= frequency of modal class – frequency
before the modal class
= frequency of modal class – frequency
after the modal class
= class width/class size

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 18

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

4) 1st quartile, 3rd quartile & Interquartile

• Grouped data with class interval
1) First quartile Notation:
n  = lower boundary of the Q1 class
4  F Q1 1 
= lower boundary of the Q3 class
Q1  LQ1   C = total number of data
 f Q1  = cumulative frequency before
  the Q1 class
= cumulative frequency before
2) Third quartile the Q3 class
 3n  = frequency of the Q1 class
 4  F Q3 1 
Q3  LQ3   = frequency of the Q3 class
C = class width/class size
 f Q3 
 

3) Interquartile
TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 19
 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

5) Standard Deviation & Variance

• Grouped data without class interval & with class interval
- Standard deviation
Steps:
 
2
 f xx 1) Find the mean
 2) Add column
n 1
3) Then use formula
- Variance
Notation:
= frequency
= mid point
= mean
n = total no of data

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 20

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Example: group data without class interval

Find the mean, median, mode, standard deviation and variance for the
following data:

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 21

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

Example: group data with class interval

Find the mean, median, mode, 1st quartile, 3rd quartile, interquartile,
standard deviation and variance for the following data:

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 22

 MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

THE END…
Verily,
with every hardship
comes ease

TRANSFORMING LIVES, ENRICHING FUTURE 23