Laboratory Services At

Liaquat National Hospital

Prepared by Ali Hamza

 Contents
A medical lab is a facility where various medical tests are conducted on clinical
specimens such as blood, urine, and tissue samples to diagnose, treat and prevent
diseases.
The following are the laboratory services provided in Liaquat National Hospital :

• Biochemistry Laboratory
• Histopathology Department
• Blood Bank Department
• Hematology Department
• Molecular Pathology Department

let us begin our presentation by delving deeper into each of these departments
and the services they offer.
 Department of Biochemistry
It involves the analysis of various biochemical markers in body fluids like blood, urine, and other
samples. The results obtained aid in the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of various diseases
and conditions.
Machines;
Sections;
• EBA 200
• Sample receiving
• NOVA machine (electrolyte tests)
• Pre-analytical processing
• Cobas e411 (ECL hormones thyroid)
• Analytical processing
• Cobas 501(glucose, urea)
• Post-analytical processing
• Quality control

Nova Machine

Cobas c501
Cobas e411
 Department of Biochemistry
SAMPLE RECEIVING PROTOCOL
● The tubes used include; yellow, grey, green, purple tops. The patient ID is matched with the
corresponding tube to ensure that there are no mix-ups.
● OPD, ward, and emergency registers are used.

Routine tests are tests that are commonly performed to diagnose various diseases or monitor
overall health status. These tests are usually ordered on a regular basis.
Examples; CBC, blood glucose level, A/G Ratio.

Special tests are tests that are ordered to diagnose specific conditions or diseases. These tests
are usually more complex and require specialized equipment or techniques to perform.
Examples; tumor markers, hormone test to measure the levels of hormones such as
FSH,LH,T3,T4.
 The testing process is divided into three phases

1. Pre-analysis phase ; the staff verifies the patient's

identity, performs quality control checks on the samples,
and prepares them for testing

2. Analysis ; The actual tests are performed, either

manually or using automated machines.

3. Post-analysis phase ; the results are verified, and the

reports are generated and sent to the concerned
department.
 Department of Hematology
Hematology is the branch of medicine that studies the cellular components of
blood.
• After blood is collected, it is mixed with an anticoagulant and sent to the
laboratory for testing.
• Slides are prepared from the blood mixture and examined under a
microscope in the microscopy area.
• Results are reported to doctors for further evaluation and diagnosis.

Smearing; a smear is prepared from the sample, and Leishman stain is added
to it . The smear is then treated with a phosphate buffer for 10 to 15 minutes,
washed, and dried.
 Department of Hematology
TESTS PERFORMED:
Complete Blood Count (CBC) using a purple top tube:
● Measures various components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets.

Coagulation test using a blue top tube:

● Used to detect any problems with blood clotting factors.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) test using a black top tube.

● Measures how quickly red blood cells settle in a sample of blood.

Other tests performed:

● Hemoglobin electrophoresis
● Malarial parasite testing
 Department of Molecular Pathology
Molecular pathology focuses on the molecular and genetic characteristics of diseases. It
uses various techniques to diagnose and treat diseases at the molecular level.

● Molecular section: Uses Oligo and FISH techniques to diagnose brain and breast tumors by
detecting specific genetic abnormalities in cancer cells.

● NED section: Checks blood bank samples for the presence of infectious agents such as HIV,
Hepatitis B and C viruses, and syphilis using nucleic acid detection techniques.

● Cytogenetics section: Analyzes chromosome abnormalities in various diseases including

cancer.
 Department of Molecular Pathology
● Molecular technology section: Uses ENA testing, viral load testing, and
immunoblotting for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and other
immune system-related diseases.

● Bacteriology/Virology section: Identifies infectious agents using culture, microscopy,

and molecular techniques.

All these sections work together to ensure accurate and timely diagnosis, making the
molecular pathology department a crucial part of modern diagnostic medicine.
 Department of Microbiology
Microbiology is the field that deals with the prevention, control, diagnosis, and
treatment of infectious diseases.

• Bacteriology is a subfield of molecular pathology that focuses on the study of

bacteria responsible for causing various illnesses and infections in the human
body. Tests CSF, urine, and sputum culture
• Parasitology is another subfield that involves the identification of parasites in
different body fluids like stool, urine, and sputum samples.
• Serology is the identification of antibodies for specific diseases in the human
body. Tests like dengue, COVID-19, and HIV.
 Blood Bank Department
The blood bank department collects, tests, processes, and stores blood and blood products. The
department is vital for providing a safe and adequate blood supply for transfusions to needy patients.
It has several sections which include;
1. Exchange Section; here blood is given on an exchange basis. In this section, the donor's blood group is
checked and exchanged with the required blood group.

2. Donor Interview Section; Here a detailed interview is taken with the blood donor. Medical history,
travel history, and other relevant details are collected .This information is crucial to ensure the patient safety
who receives the donated blood.

3. Blood Processing; After collection, blood is stored in a Blood Bag. It has multiple compartments for
different blood components.
This blood bag is then placed in a blood bag mixer machine, which mixes the blood with anticoagulants and
centrifuges it to separate the blood components.
 Blood Bank Department
Storage Conditions for Blood Components ;
Red Blood Cells Plasma
2 to 6°C Temperature, 35 days Life -70 °C Temperature, 5 years Life
Platelets Before use, it is warmed to 35 degrees Celsius
20 to 24 °C Temperature ,5 days Life using a water bath machine
Stored in an agitator, to prevent clotting and maintain their functionality.

3. Autoanalyzer Section
An autoanalyzer machine analyses the donors blood. This machine can detect the presence of Hepatitis A,
B, and C, Cyplus disease, malaria, and HIV.

4. Cross-Matching Section; the donor's and patient's blood are cross-matched before giving the blood to
the patient. This process ensures that the patient receives the correct blood type, which is crucial to prevent
adverse reactions.
 Histopathology Department
The histology department is a branch of pathology that deals with the study of the
microscopic structure of tissues.

These services are divided into two parts: gross and tissue processing.
• Gross involves sample collection and tissue cutting
• tissue processing covers tissue fixing, embedding, and cutting slides.

The laboratory services are further divided into three sections:

• Histopathology, which is the study of human body tissues
• Cytology, which examines cells from bodily tissues or fluids to determine a
diagnosis
• Frozen section, which provides rapid diagnosis by analyzing tissue samples
directly from the operation theatre.
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