glycolysis

THE FIRST STEP OF

C E L L U L A R R E S P I R AT I O N
 WHAT IS
GLYCOLYSIS?
Glyco + Lysis
Glucose Breakdown

In simple terms, glycolysis is the metabolic pathway in which

glucose is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvate
(C3H4O3).

The process takes place in the cytoplasm, more specifically,

the cytosol of a cell, and does not require oxygen. It occurs in
both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
WHAT IS A PYRUVATE?
Sometimes called pyruvic acid, pyruvate
(C3H4O3) is a three-carbon that is further utilized
in pathways that produce more energy (ATP) that is
essential in the human body. After it is produced in
the process of glycolysis, it goes straight into the
mitochondria to undergo the citric acid cycle which
is the second step in cellular respiration.
 WHAT ARE THE
IMPORTANCE OF
GLYCOLYSIS?
ENERGY THE FIRST STEP
Glycolysis involves the breaking of sugar It is the first step necessary to complete cellular
molecules to release energy (pyruvate) that is respiration; which is an important process within
required for cellular metabolism. the human body because it allows us to convert
sugar into energy.

PRODUCTION
Many molecules are produced in glycolysis, and
these molecules have their own function within
the cell.
GLYCOLY
SIS
PATHWAY
01 ENERGY-
INVESTMENT 02 ENERGY-
HARVESTING
STEP
In this phase, two molecules of ATP are used in order STEP
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DGAP) is converted
to convert glucose into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP). The two
(GAP) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DGAP). molecules (GAP) are then converted into two
The end result of this phase is one (GAP) molecule, pyruvate molecules. The end result of this phase is
one (DGAP) molecule, and a net loss of two ATP four molecules of ATP, and two molecules of
molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
hydrogen (NADH).
ENERGY-
USING
01 GLUCO
SE
• Catalyzed by the enzyme Hexokinase.
GLUCOSE-
6-
PHOSPHA
• Energy is used from an ATP molecule, TE
therefore turning it into an ADP.

02 GLUCOSE-
6-
PHOSPHA
FRUCTOSE-6-
PHOSPHATE

• TEby the enzyme Isomerase.

Catalyzed
 03 FRUCTOSE-6-
PHOSPHATE
FRUCTOSE-
1,6-
• Catalyzed by the enzyme Phospho- BIPHOSPHAT
Fructokinase.
• Energy is used from an ATP molecule, E
therefore turning it into an ADP.

GLYCERALYDEH

04 FRUCTOSE-
1,6-
BIPHOSPHAT
YDE-3-
PHOSPHATE
DIHYDROXYACET
ONE PHOSPHATE
• CatalyzedEby the enzyme Aldolase.
ENERGY-
PRODUCI
NG
01 DIHYDROXYACET
ONE PHOSPHATE
GLYCERALYDEH
YDE-3-
PHOSPHATE
• Catalyzed by the enzyme Isomerase.

02
•
GLYCERALYDEH
YDE-3-
PHOSPHATE
Catalyzed by Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
1,3
BIPHOSPHATE-
GLYCERATE
Dehydrogenase
• (NAD) is converted into (NADH)
 03 1-3
BIPHOSPHATE-
GLYCERATE
3-
PHOSPHOGLYCERA
TE
• Catalyzed by the enzyme Phosphoglycerate
Kinase.
• An ATP molecule is produced.

04 3-
PHOSPHO-
GLYCERAT
2-
PHOSPHO-
GLYCERAT
• CatalyzedEby the enzyme Phosphoglycerate
E
Mutase
05
•
2-
PHOSPHO-
CatalyzedGLYCERAT
PHOSPHOE
NOL
by the enzyme EnolasePYRUVATE
and
MagnesiumE ion (Mg2+)

06 PHOSPOEN
OL
PYRUVATE
PYRUVATE

• Catalyzed by the enzyme Pyruvate Kinase

• An ATP molecule is produced.
 The second phase is done twice because there are
two Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (GAP) to be
converted.

Therefore, the second phase of the glycolysis

pathway will give you a total of four ATP molecules,
two molecules of NADH, and one molecule of
pyruvate.
 PROJECT SUMMARY
• Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration.
• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, an energy molecule used to
produce higher-energy molecules.
• There are two phases of glycolysis; the energy-using phase and the energy-producing
phase.
• In the energy-using phase, two ATP molecules are used to convert glucose into (GAP)
and (DGAP)
• In the energy-producing phase, (DGAP) is converted into (GAP) and the two molecules
of (GAP) is utilized in order to produce pyruvate, which is the end product of
glycolysis, along with four molecules of ATP and two molecules of (NADH).
 SUMMAR
INPUT Y OUTPUT
Glucose (C6H12O6) 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP molecules molecules
2 NAD+ molecules 2 ATP molecules (4
total molecules
produced subtracted
by 2 ATP molecules
used)
2 NADH molecules
THANK
YOU!
ILLUSTRATIONS