Transformer Differential Relay Testing

Diff/Restrain Operating Characteristic Testing (Verify the characteristic between differential

current and restrain current of the relay)

Tripping Time Testing (Verify the action (tripping time) of relay when fault is occurred inside the tripping
zone)

Diff Configuration Testing (Verify the relay won't send any trip command when the external fault is
occurred)

Diff Harmonic Restrain Testing (Verify the action (trip command) of relay when the inrush
current or over-flux is occurred with the differential current)
Diff Configuration Testing (Balance Condition)

Ix = Iy Idiff = 0 pu
Ibias = as required

Diff/Restrain Operating Characteristic Testing (Unbalance Condition)

Idiff = as required
Ix  Iy
Ibias = as required
The differential and restrain current in this testing will be
controlled, that means the characteristic of relay can be
controlled for testing
Diff Harmonic Restrain Testing

Idiff = as required
Ix + Harmonic Harmonic = as required

Tripping Time Testing

Idiff = as required
Ix
Tool from Omicron (Test Universe Software)
Characteristic Testing (Method)

I diff = I1 + I2 For testing the characteristic of differential relay, the value

of different and bias current have to be controlled. The
way to controlled these currents easily is phase angle
Trip Area between current on both sides will be set up out of phase
or in phase direction.
m

Blocking Area
?
I min
= I1 + I 2
I bias = ???

I2 180 deg
I1 0 deg

I1 I2
I1 + I2
 I diff = I1 + I2
Characteristic Testing by Ramping the Current
Trip Area Testing by using this method the current on one
side will be fixed and the current on the other
m side will be increase or decrease until differential
protection is operated. The test result in term of
Blocking Area
differential and restrain current will be calculated
I min after testing is finished.

I bias = ???
= I1 + I 2
The disadvantage of this method

fixed 0 A 1. The current on starting point should be find before start ramping. (The
?? A tripping signal can be occurred if the current is unbalance on both sides).
I1 + I2 2. To specific the testing point on differential and restrain characteristic
very difficult (The locus of differential current and bias current is difficult
to fix)

Diff = Bias
fixed 1 A ?? A I1 Trip Area
I1 + I2
Blocking Area

fixed 5 A ?? A
Trip Area
I1 + I2
I2
Characteristic Testing by Advance Differential Module (Search Test)

I diff

Trip Area

Blocking Area
I min

Search Line I bias

1. If the "resolution setting">= "current tolerance" the test method will be change automatically to "Check Test"
2. If the "resolution setting">= "0.5*current tolerance" the test method will be change automatically to "Check Test"+0.001*In
 How to define Magnitude and Phase Angle of Current for Testing?
Base Current (Pri) Base Current (Sec)

Differential Relay

IXa; IXb; IXc IYa; IYb; IYc

Magnitude Correction x CTratio / BaseCurrent x CTratio / BaseCurrent Magnitude Correction

IXa1; IXb1; IXc1 IYa1; IYb1; IYc1

a1
b1 c1 a3 b3 c3
Phase Correction d1 e1 f1 d3 e3 f3 Phase Correction
g1 h1 i1 g3 h3 i3
IXa2; IXb2; IXc2 IYa2; IYb2; IYc2
2 -1 -1
a2
b2 c2 1/3 2 -1 a4b4 c4
Zero Sequence Eliminated -1 Zero Sequence Eliminated
d2 e2 f2 -1 -1 2 d4 e4 f4
g2 h2 i2 g4 h4 i4

IXa3; IXb3; IXc3 IYa3; IYb3; IYc3

Idiff & Ibias

 Pri
Base Current (Pri) Base Current (Sec) Sec
DYn11

IXa; IXb; IXc IYa; IYb; IYc

Magnitude Correction x CTratio / BaseCurrent x CTratio / BaseCurrent Magnitude Correction

IXa1; IXb1; IXc1 IYa1; IYb1; IYc1

1 0 0 1 0 -1
Phase Correction 0 1 0 1/sqrt(3) -1 1 0 Phase Correction
0 0 1 0 -1 1
IXa2; IXb2; IXc2 IYa2; IYb2; IYc2

1 0 0 1 0 0
Zero Sequence Eliminated Zero Sequence Eliminated
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

IXa3; IXb3; IXc3 IYa3; IYb3; IYc3

In this case the setting of Zero Sequence Elimination
can be set "none" because no zero sequence current
eliminated is required
 Pri
Base Current (Pri) DYn11 Base Current (Sec) Sec

IXa; IXb; IXc IYa; IYb; IYc

Magnitude Correction x CTratio / BaseCurrent x CTratio / BaseCurrent Magnitude Correction

IXa1; IXb1; IXc1 IYa1; IYb1; IYc1

1 0 0 1 -1 0
Phase Correction 0 1 0 1/sqrt(3) 0 1 -1 Phase Correction
0 0 1 -1 0 1
IXa2; IXb2; IXc2 IYa2; IYb2; IYc2

1 0 0 2 -1 -1
Zero Sequence Eliminated 0 1 0 1/3 -1 2 -1 Zero Sequence Eliminated
0 0 1 -1 -1 2

IXa3; IXb3; IXc3 IYa3; IYb3; IYc3

In this case the setting of Zero Sequence Elimination
have to be set "IL-I0" because the zero sequence
eliminated is used in the relay
Base Current Calculation for Magnitude Correction

Base Current (Pri) Base Current (Sec)

40 MVA

115.47 kV 23.09 kV

CT : 400/2 CT: 800/5

Base Current (Pri) Base Current (Sec)

40 MVA / ( sqrt(3) * 115.47 kV ) 40 MVA / ( sqrt(3) * 23.09 kV )

= 200 Amp = 1000 Amp

= 400 Amp 400 Amp * ( 115.47 kV / 23.09 kV )

= 2000 Amp

800 Amp * ( 23.09 kV / 115.47 kV ) = 800 Amp

= 159.97 Amp
Matrix Calculation for Phase Correction
A
Example : Transformer Vector Group XY(11)
Primary
a (X) 1. number of vector group (k) = 11
Secondary
(Y) 2. matrix [A] =
b
3/2 0 3/2
[ A ] = 2/3 3/2 3/2 0
C c B 0 3/2 3/2
From this vector we can name the
vector group in two term. One is 3. Change the vector of secondary side (B) by using matrix [A] =
XY(11) and other one is YX(1)
3/2 0 3/2 a
new [ Y ] = [ A ] * [ Y ] = 2/3 3/2 3/2 0 * b
The different of vector on both
side can be corrected by the 0 3/2 3/2 c
matrix below.

cos ( k * 30°) cos ( (k+4) * 30°) cos ( (k-4) * 30°)

[A] = (2/3)* cos ( (k-4) * 30°) cos ( k * 30°) cos ( (k+4) * 30°)

cos ( (k-4) * 30°) cos ( (k+4) * 30°) cos ( k * 30°)

*** k = number of vector group

Zero Sequence Eliminate (Example: Calculation from relay)

115.47 kV 40 MVA 23.09 kV

CT : 400/2 CT: 800/5 Example: Calculation on Relay No#1 and No#2

From the calculation above the relay can be worked correctly if the zero
sequence current is eliminated. For testing this condition on the relay the
setting "IL-I0" will be applied in the test object (CMC) to get the same
information as relay
 115.45 Amp 115.47 kV 40 MVA 23.09 kV 1000 Amp
A a
B b
C c
1000 Amp
CT : 400/2 CT: 800/5
DYn11
0.577 Amp 6.25 Amp

In this case the relay is working properly even there is no matrix to eliminate
zero sequence current. In this case the setting "none" will be applied in the
test object (CMC).
Example : The Current Flow with Any Fault Type (1)

A a
B b
C c

DYn11

A a
B b
C c

DYn11

A a
B b
C c

DYn11
Example : The Current Flow On Any Fault Type (2)

A a
B b
C c

DYn11

A a
B b
C c

DYn11

A a
B b
C c

DYn11
Example : Ground Fault (calculation the testing current)

115.45 Amp 115.47 kV 40 MVA 23.09 kV 1000 Amp

A a
B b
C c
1000 Amp
CT : 400/2 CT: 800/5
DYn11
0.577 Amp 6.25 Amp
Example : Phase to Phase Fault

115.45 Amp 115.47 kV 40 MVA 23.09 kV 1000 Amp

A a
B b
C c
1000 Amp
CT : 400/2 CT: 800/5
DYn11
0.577 Amp
6.25 Amp
1.154 Amp
Example : Three Phase Fault

200 Amp 115.47 kV 40 MVA 23.09 kV 1000 Amp

A a
B b
C c
1000 Amp
CT : 400/2 CT: 800/5
DYn11
1.00 Amp 6.25 Amp
Demo On Software