X Line Angle

Principles of Distance Relay Reference

Impedance Plane
ZS (source impedance)
R

21 ZL (line impedance)

21

1. Impedance of transmission line is proportional of line length

2. If measurement value of impedance (apparent value) less than reference value,

it's assume that a fault exists inside protected line.

3. The measurement value of impedance is calculated from the magnitude and

phase angle between voltage and current
Characteristic of Distance Relay

The appearance values will be shown in term of

positive sequence components
Testing Distance Relay
If I need to apply fault (impedance) on
this point to the relay, How?

Voltage

Current

VA = ? IA = ?
VB = ? IB = ?
VC = ? IC = ?

Then, The testers should know how to

define voltage and current for testing.

Positive Sequence Impedance

Simplify the equivalent circuit for each fault type

ZL1
ZS ZL1
V Ph-Ph ZL1 I Ph-Ph

ZL1 = [ V Ph-Ph / I Ph-Ph ] / 2

21

Phase-Phase Fault

Positive Sequence Impedance ZL1

ZS ZL1
V Ph-N ZL1 I Ph-N

N
ZL1

21
ZL1 = [ V Ph-N / I Ph-N ]
3 Phase Fault
 X Line Angle = 80 deg
Line Impedance
Voltage
5 ohm

Current
R
Example :
If we'd like to simulate A-B fault impedance, 5 ohm 80 degree, to distance relay.

V fault = 20 V - Fix fault current 2 A, 0 deg

VC
- Calculate fault voltage = 2 x Z test x I test
VA
IB
IA = 2 A =2x5 80 x 2 0
= 20 80 volt

VB three phase fault impedance, 5 ohm 80 degree, to distance relay.

IC
- Fix fault current 2 A, 0 deg

VA = 10 V - Calculate fault voltage = Z test x I test

IA = 2 A =5 80 x 2 0
VC
= 10 80 volt
VB

IB
 ZL1
Single Phase Fault
V Ph-E ZN I Ph-E

ZS ZL1
1) Complex impedance ZN is not know and is not readily
available by measurement

2) Z1 or Z0 are known or can be measured

21 V0
= ( Z1/3 ) + ZN
3*I0
Earth Return Part ZN
Z0 = Z1 + 3*ZN
Z1 I0 ZN = Z0 - Z1
3
Z1 I0 ZN = 1 * ( Z0 - 1 ) * Z1
3 Z1
Z1 I0
ZN = kL * Z1 ……… (1)
VZLOOP
where : kL = 1 * ( Z0 - 1 )
3*I0
3 Z1
ZN
Therefore : ZL1 = V Ph-E / ( 1 + kL ) * I Ph-E
 Different Format of Ground Compensate (without arc
resistance) X Line Angle
ZL

Z loop
ZE
Positive Sequence Impedance Type A
R
Z relay = Z loop / ( 1 + kL )
 Z loop = ZL + ZE = ( 1 + ZE )*ZL
ZL RL + jXL
 Z loop = (1 + kL)*ZL when, kL = (1/3)*(Z0 - Z1)/Z1

 Z loop = RL + jXL + RE + jXE = ( 1 + RE )*RL + j( 1 + XE )*XL

RL XL
 Z loop = ( 1 + Kr )*RL + j ( 1 + Kx )*XL when, Kr = RE/RL , Kx = XE/XL

V Ph-E /I Ph-E
Type B Z relay = { R loop / ( 1 + Kr ) ; X loop / ( 1 + Kx ) }

Type C Z relay = { R loop - RE ; X loop / ( 1 + Kx ) }

Grounding Factor

ZE
 (magnitude & angle)
ZL
 kL (magnitude & angle)

RE XE
 ,
RL XL

Z0
 (magnitude & angle)
• Z1
Formula to Convert Grounding Factor

Z0
 kL kL = (1/3)*(Z0 - Z1)/Z1
Z1
RE XE RE/RL = Real{kL} - Img{kL} * tanL
 kL ,
RL XL XE/XL = [Img{kL} + Real{kL} * tanL]/tanL
when L = Line Angle
Different Format of Ground Compensate (with arc resistance)
X Line Angle
ZL

Z loop ARC Resistance

ZE

R
Type A
 Z loop = (1 + kL)*ZL
Z relay = Z loop / ( 1 + kL )
 Z loop = ( 1 + Kr )*RL + j ( 1 + Kx )*XL
Z relay = (ZL+ZE+ARC) / ( 1 + kL )

ZL + ZE + ARC
RL + jXL + RE + jXE + ARC Z relay = { R loop / ( 1 + Kr ) ; X loop / ( 1 + Kx ) }

Type B Z relay = { (RL+RE+ARC) / ( 1 + Kr ) ; (XL+XE) / ( 1 + Kx ) }

Z relay = { R loop - RE ; X loop / ( 1 + Kx ) }

Type C Z relay = { RL+ARC; (XL+XE) / ( 1 + Kx ) }

 Grounding Factor in TU

How to define grounding factor in CMC

Line Angle How to use grounding factor in CMC

Grounding compensate calculation of distance relay for Type A (Method to Calculate)

XL RF/(1+kL)
Fault Voltage (VLoop) Fault Current (ILoop)

ZL

( VLoop / ILoop )

R
RL

Loop Impedance (ZLoop )

from, ZLoop = ZL + ZE + RF

ZLoop / (1+kL) = ZL + ZE + RF

ZLoop / (1 + kL) (1 + kL)

from, (ZL + ZE)/(1 + kL) = ZL

Therefore, ZLoop/(1 + kL) = ZL + RF/(1 + kL)

ZL + RF/(1+kL)
Grounding compensate calculation of distance relay for Type B (Method to Calculate)
X

Fault Voltage (VLoop) Fault Current (ILoop)

XL
RF/(1+Kr)

ZL
( VLoop / ILoop )

R
RL
Loop Impedance (ZLoop )
from, ZLoop = RL + XL + RE +XE + RF

XLoop / (1+Kx) = XL + XE
Loop Reactance (XLoop ) Loop Reactance (RLoop )
(1 + Kx)
from, (XL + XE)/(1 + Kx) = XL

Therefore, XLoop/(1 + Kx) = XL

XLoop / (1 + Kx) RLoop / (1 + Kr)
RLoop / (1+Kr) = RL + RE + RF

(1 + Kx)
from, (RL + RE)/(1 + Kr) = RL
XL RL + RF/(1+Kr)
Therefore, RLoop/(1 + Kr) = RL + RF/(1+Kr)
Grounding compensate calculation of distance relay for Type C (Method to Calculate)

Fault Voltage (VLoop) Fault Current (ILoop)

XL
RF

ZL
( VLoop / ILoop )

R
RL
Loop Impedance (ZLoop )

from, ZLoop = RL + XL + RE + +XE + RF

Loop Reactance (XLoop ) Loop Reactance (RLoop ) XLoop / (1+Kx) = XL + XE

(1 + Kx)
from, (XL + XE)/(1 + Kx) = XL

Therefore, XLoop/(1 + Kx) = XL

XLoop / (1 + Kx) RLoop - RE
RLoop = RL + RE + RF

from, RE = (XL/tan L)*Kr , L = Line Angle

XL RL + RF Therefore, RLoop - (XL/tan L)*Kr = RL + RF

Grounding compensate calculation of test set for Type A method

Test Voltage (VLoop) Test Current (ILoop)

Constant Current
Test Method
Constant Voltage
Constant Source Impedance

Loop Impedance (ZLoop )

ZTest* (1 + kL)

Test Point ( ZTest )

Grounding compensate calculation of test set for Type B method

Test Voltage (VLoop) Test Current (ILoop)

Constant Current
Test Method
Constant Voltage
Constant Source Impedance

Loop Impedance (ZLoop )

Loop Reactance (XLoop ) Loop Reactance (RLoop )

XTest * (1 + Kx) XLoop * (1 + Kr)

XTest ZTest RTest

Grounding compensate calculation of test set for Type C method

Test Voltage (VLoop) Test Current (ILoop)

( VLoop / ILoop )

Loop Impedance (ZLoop )

Loop Reactance (XLoop ) Loop Reactance (RLoop )

XLoop * (1 + Kx) RLoop + RE

XTest ZTest RTest

Test Model (Using to define test current and voltage)

21 ZL 21 ZL

VTest ITest VTest ITest

ZE ZL N

ZL
21 ZL

VTest ITest ZL

VTest voltage is fixed

ZLoop =
ITest

VTest
ZLoop =
ITest current is fixed
 21

ZS ZL

ZEsource
ZE

Example : Phase-Phase Fault

ZS = 0.570 ZL = 370

ITest = V(L-L) / (2*ZS+2*ZL)

VTest ITest
= 115 / (1+6)

= 16.42 Amp 0 deg

66.4 Volt VTest = ITest * (2*ZL)

= 98.57 Volt 70 deg

ZEsource ZE

21
Conclusion: How to define testing voltage and current.

X ZL (Line Impedance)

1. Look at the test point on impedance plain (Example: Define test point is
5 ohm 60 degree)

2. Check type of fault need to be tested (Selection: phase-phase fault)

3. Calculation loop impedance (Calculation: 10 ohm 60 degree)

4. Calculation voltage and current according test model (Selection:

Constant Test Current is 2 Amp. Thus testing voltage is 20 volt )

5. Define angle of voltage and current (Calculation: If test current is 0

degree. Thus testing voltage is 60 degree )

Impedance Plane
 How to create the characteristic of impedance in Distance Module? (by
manual)

Using for calculation test

Using to create the zone
current and voltage. And also
characteristic by primary
for reference on impedance
values of impedances
plain

Using to define the

action of post-fault
voltage

Using to define the direction of

current (directional of zone) for
testing

Using for assessment the test

result (apply for all zone)
 1. Define the name of
each zones

2. Define the condition of this

zone.
3. Define the action of this
zone according on the type of
fault.

4. Define the tripping time of

this zone in case this zone is
used for tripping.

In case the tolerance of each

zones are different, these
parameters will be used for setting
 Helping tool to create zone
characteristic

Using for addition, remove

or insert elements list
below.

center

radius

Using these buttons if the

shapes of test object look like
these

Using these elements to

make zone characteristic
 Shot Test (How to define voltage and current waveform?)
The aim of "Shot Test" is used for testing the tripping time (response from relay) after
fault is applied to the relay. To simulated the fault same like what is occurred in the
system the procedure of "Pre-fault  Fault  Post-fault" is used. The time tolerance
will be used for assessment.

Define test point

R
Impedance Plane
 X

R
Impedance Plane

Pre-Fault Time Setting :

1. This time setting should longer than the time that using in SOTF function ,timer that used to check dead
condition, in case SOTF is operated with voltage and current.
2. Also, should long enough to provide memory voltage for distance protection
Max-Fault Time Setting :

1. This time setting should cover maximum tripping time of the zone protection.
Shot Test (Time measurement)
Search Test (Method)
The aim of "Search Test" is used for finding the boundary of each zones. The zone
tolerance will be used for assessment and the time tolerance will be used to be
condition for decision the boundary of each zones.
The series of shot test will be used.
 Absolute Time Tolerance 30 ms
Relative Time Tolerance 10 %

Z1 = 0 ms 30 ms , 0 ms

Z2 = 400 ms 30 ms , 40 ms

ZONE2
Search Line

Search Resolution

ZONE1

Search Interval
 Search Interval

ZONE2 Search Line

ZONE1
Check Test
The aim of "Check Test" is used for checking the boundary of each zones. Using two
shot for testing, one shot is applied inside and another shot is outside.

ZONE2
Check Line

ZONE1
Thank You