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Twi Ut2
Twi Ut2
Twi Ut2
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Ultrasonic Testing
Part 2
The Sound Beam
• Dead Zone
• Near Zone or Fresnel Zone
• Far Zone or Fraunhofer Zone
Sound Beam
Near Zone Far Zone
• Thickness • Thickness
measurement measurement
• Detection of defects • Defect detection
• Sizing of large • Sizing of all defects
defects only
Near zone length as small as
possible balanced against
acceptable minimum
detectable defect size
The Sound Beam
NZ FZ Main
Beam
Intensity
varies
Exponential Decay
Distance
The side lobes has multi
minute main beams
Two identical defects may
give different amplitudes of
signals
Near
Side Lobes
Zone
The main beam or the centre
beam has the highest
intensity of sound energy
2
D
Near Zone
4
V
f
2
D f
Near Zone
4V
Near Zone
• What is the near zone length of a 5MHz
compression probe with a crystal diameter
of 10mm in steel?
2
D f
Near Zone
4V
10 5,000,000
2
4 5,920,000
21.1mm
Near Zone
2 2
D D f
Near Zone
4 4V
• The bigger the diameter the bigger the
near zone
• The higher the frequency the bigger the
near zone
• The lower the velocity the bigger the near
zone
Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ?
1 M Hz
5 M Hz
1 M Hz 5 M Hz
Beam Spread
• In the far zone sound pulses spread out
as they move away from the crystal
/2
K KV
Sine or
2 D Df
Beam Spread
K KV
Sine or
2 D Df
Edge,K=1.22
20dB,K=1.08
6dB,K=0.56
Beam axis
or Main Beam
Beam Spread
• What is the beam spread of a 10mm,5MHz
compression wave probe in steel?
KV
Sine
2 Df
1.08 5920
5000 10
0.1278 7.35 o
Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam
Spread ?
1 M Hz
5 M Hz
1 M Hz 5 M Hz
Beam Spread
K KV
Sine or
2 D Df
• The bigger the diameter the smaller the
beam spread
• The higher the frequency the smaller
the beam spread
10% of
Maximum
Pulse length
• Pulse Length
Pulse Length
• The longer the pulse, the more
penetrating the sound
• The shorter the pulse the better the
sensitivity and resolution
Good resolution
Resolution
Poor resolution
Sound travelling through a material
Loses intensity
due to
1 MHz 5 MHz
Beam Spread
Transmitted
Acoustic Impedance
• Definition • Formula
The Resistance to the
passage of sound Z V
within a material = Density , V = Velocity
Therefore
% Sound Transmitted = 100% - % Sound Reflected
How much sound is reflected at a steel to water
interface?
• Z1 (Steel) = 46.7 x 106
• Z2 (Water) =1.48 x 106
2
46.7 1.48
46.7 1.48 100 % reflected
2
45.22
48.18 100 % reflected
Steel
Air
Large Acoustic Impedance Large Acoustic Impedance
Ratio Ratio
Steel Aluminum
Steel
Steel
Similarly:
H0
dB 20 Log..10
H1
40
dB 20 Log..10 20 Log ..10 2
20
dB 20 0.3010
dB 6dB
2 signals at 10% and 100% FSH.
What is the difference between them in dB’s?
H0
dB 20 Log..10
H1
100
dB 20 Log..10 20 Log..1010
10
dB 20 1
dB 20dB
Amplitude ratios in decibels
• 2:1= 6bB
• 4:1= 12dB
• 5:1= 14dB
• 10 : 1 = 20dB
• 100 : 1 = 40dB