Ferdinand Marcos is the tenth president of the

Philippines. He served as president from

December 30, 1965 to February 25, 1986.

He was a Philippine lawyer and politician who

established an authoritarian regime in the
Philippines that came under criticism for
corruption and for its suppression of democratic
processes.
 Our objectives for this report are:

To help students learn more about

Ferdinand Marcos Sr.

To inform students about what happened during

Marcos’s term

And to get a good grade and not fail AP!!! 🗣🗣🗣

EARLY LIFE
AND
EDUCATION
 Early Life
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos was born on
September 11, 1917, in Sarrat, a village in the Ilocos
North region of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. His
parents, Josefa Edralin and Mariano Marcos, were both
teachers from important families. His siblings
are Pacifico Edralin Marcos,
Fortuna Marcos Barba, and
Elizabeth Marcos Keon. In 1925,
Mariano Marcos became a
congressman, surrounding the
young Ferdinand in a political
atmosphere at an early age.
 Education
From 1923 to 1929, he attended Sarrat Central School,
Shamrock Elementary School in Laoag and Ermita
Elementary School in Manila. He finished high school
and liberal arts course at the University of the Philippines.
While still a student, he was commissioned as third
lieutenant (apprentice officer) in the Philippine
Constabulary Reserve after having been an ROTC battalion
commander. In the summer of 1939 he received his
bachelors degree, cum laude from the U.P. College of Law.
He would have been a class valedictorian and magna cum
laude had he not been imprisoned for the Nalundasan
murder. The case prevented him from attending several
weeks of classes. He reviewed for the bar examinations
while in prison. He bailed himself out in order to take the
examination, where he emerged topnotcher in November of
the same year.
Marriage and Children
On May 1, 1954, Ferdinand Marcos married beauty queen
Imelda Romuáldez after an 11-day courtship. Imelda
helped propel Marcos to the presidential palace, and she
was rewarded with a series of political appointments. The
couple went on to have three children: Maria Imelda
"Imee“ Marcos, Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., and
Irene Marcos. They both later adopted a fourth child,
Aimee Marcos.
POLITICAL
CAREER
 During World War II, he was an officer with the
Philippine armed forces. Marcos’s later claims of having
been a leader in the Filipino guerrilla resistance
movement were a central factor in his political success,
but U.S. government archives revealed that he actually
played little or no part in anti-Japanese activities during
1942–45. From 1946 to 1947 Marcos was a technical
assistant to Manuel Roxas, the first president of the
independent Philippine republic. He was a member of the
House of Representatives and of the Senate, serving as
Senate president. In 1965, Marcos, who was a prominent
member of the Liberal Party founded by Roxas, broke
with it after failing to get his party’s nomination for
president.
PRESIDENTIAL
CAMPAIGN
 Stung by Macapagal’s violation of a personal promise to
step down after one term in office, Marcos switched to
the Nacionalista Party to run for president in 1965. A
central concern in Marcos’ election strategy was to win
Central Luzon away from Macapagal, who, as a native of
Pampanga, controlled much of the region’s vote. Marcos
sought the support of Commander Sumulong. Faustino
del Mundo, known as Commander Sumulong, was head
of the vestiges of the Huk guerrilla movement in
Pampanga and southern Tarlac.
Overall, the campaign was expensive and bitter. Marcos
won and was inaugurated as president on December 30,
1965.
 PRESIDENTIAL
ACHIEVEMENTS
It was during his first term that the North Diversion Road
(now, North Luzon Expressway) (initially from
Balintawak to Tabang, Guiguinto, Bulacan) was
constructed with the help of the AFP engineering
construction battalion.
Aside from infrastructure development, the following
were some of the notable achievements of the first four
years of the Marcos administration:
1. Successful drive against smuggling. In 1966, more than 100
important smugglers were arrested; in three years 1966-1968 the
arrests totaled 5,000. Military men involved in smuggling were
forced to retire.
2. Greater production of rice by promoting the cultivation of IR-8
hybrid rice. In 1968 the Philippines became self-sufficient in rice,
the first time in history since the American period. In addition, the
Philippines exported rice worth $7 million.
3. Land reform was given an impetus during the first term of
President Marcos. 3,739 hectares of lands in Central Luzon were
distributed to the farmers.
4. In the field of foreign relations, the Philippines hosted the
summit of seven heads of state (the United States, South
Vietnam, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand
and the Philippines) to discuss the worsening problem in
Vietnam and the containment of communism in the region.
5. Government finances were stabilized by higher revenue
collections and loans from treasury bonds, foreign lending
institutions and foreign governments.
6. Peace and order substantially improved in most provinces
however situations in Manila and some provinces continued to
deteriorate until the imposition of martial law in 1972.
 CHALLENGES
AND
CONTROVERSIES
1. Ill Gotten Wealth

Ferdinand Marcos opened four bank accounts at the Swiss Credit Bank
in Zurich. Two of these four are named after him, one is named after a
William Saunders while the remaining one is named after a Jane Ryan.
These four accounts contain over $950,000. The president, especially
his wife, strongly denied the allegations that they stole public money.
According to Imelda Marcos, they got their wealth from the gold that
Ferdinand Marcos had acquired long ago. He also said the wealth of
prominent people such as Lucio Tan and Danding Cojuangco came
from Ferdinand Marcos, which the former president only planned to use
but refused to return the short-term loan.
2. Payola Expose

After the vote on the choice of the type of government, a scandal rocked
the Philippine Constitutional Convention revealed by Mr. Eduardo
Quintero. He admitted that he was one of those who received bribe
envelopes on eighteen different occasions. According to Quintero, the
bribes were a persuasion from Imelda Marcos so that the outcome of the
polls would be favorable to the Marcos type of government. The name
of former president Ferdinand Marcos was also implicated when
Quintero recounted
summoning him to Malacanang to personally talk to him and ask him
not to support the resolution that would ban the former president from
holding his power after his term ends. Instead of Marcos, Mr. Quintero
is the one who got in trouble.
Unfortunately, Primitivo Mijares, the right hand of Ferdinand Marcos
and columnist, did not disappear when he testified against the former
president and Imelda Marcos in the Frazer Committee of the U.S.
Congress. He acknowledged that he and the other “presidential
assistants” were part of a propaganda that defamed Quintero’s image.
According to him, they still went to the source of the lord to collect
“dime” to be released to the public in order to lose its credibility with
regard to the alleged misconduct. He also wrote the book “The Conjugal
Dictatorship” which gave a more detailed account of the corruption and
corruption of Marcos. Convention encouraged the proclamation, and did
not abolish the statement that it was lacking in the base. His son was
encircled, tortured and murdered as a giant of his rebel forces, and this
columnist disappeared unwaveringly.
3. The Martial Law

The spate of bombings and subversive activities led President Marcos to

declare that:
There is throughout the land a state of anarchy and lawlessness, chaos
and disorder, turmoil and destruction of a magnitude equivalent to an
actual war between the forces of our duly constituted government and
the New People’s Army and their satellite organizations and that public
order and safety and security of the nation demand that immediate,
swift, decisive and effective action be taken to protect and insure the
peace, order and security of the country and its population and to
maintain the authority of the government.
On September 21, 1972 President Marcos issued Presidential
Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire country under martial law but
it was announced only two days later. In proclaiming martial law,
President Marcos assured the public that “the proclamation of martial
law is not a military takeover” and that civilian government still
functions. In his first address to the nation after issuing Proclamation
No. 1081, President Marcos said that martial law has two objectives: to
save the republic, and to “reform the social, economic and political
institutions in our country.” In accordance with the two objectives,
President Marcos issued general orders and letters of instruction to that
effect. A list of people were to be arrested, he would rule by Presidential
decree, the media would be controlled by his government, a curfew
from midnight until 4:00 A.M. was to be observed, carrying of fire-arms
except by military and security personnel was banned, as were strikes
and demonstrations.
FOREIGN
POLICY
 • Formation of Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN)

At a a conference held in Bangkok, a new regional

organization – the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) – was established through the joint efforts of
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and
Thailand.
Foreign Affairs Secretary Narciso Ramos signed the
Bangkok Declaration for the formation of the ASEAN on
August 8, 1967. The Association of Southeast Asia
(ASA), which was created through the efforts of President
Carlos Garcia and Prime Minister Tungku Abdul Rahman
in 1959 and MAPHILINDO (Malay, Philippines and
Indonesia), which was launched in 1962 were both
predecessors of the ASEAN.
 ASEAN was created as an economic, social and cultural
cooperation within the region of Southeast Asia. ASEAN
could not avoid expressing itself on political matters in
view of the determination of the founding members
expressed in the Bangkok Declaration to promote
regional peace and stability. The Philippines under
President Marcos became a catalyst for making the
Southeast Asian region a united and cohesive force in the
world.
ECONOMIC
POLICIES
 Economic Policies
In the 1970s Marcos took out huge amounts of foreign
currency loans that by the 1980s his regime could not repay.
He tried to hide the dire financial situation by overstating
the figures for foreign reserves.
The Philippine growth was described as a debt-driven
growth. The economy depended on expanding investments
to generated output. However, despite the rapid rise in
investments, the Philippines was not successful in
translating more capital to better growth.
 Economic Policies
The Philippine economic policy was dependent on foreign
borrowing to fund domestic investments. To maintain
economic growth in the face of worldwide recession, the.
Philippines increased government expenditures and
borrowed abroad. However, the Philippines current account
deficit (exports minus imports) never narrowed. The
Philippine government was not able to generate sufficient
domestic earnings to fund the higher level of investments.
Tax collection was low despite a series of annual tax
measures. The country as dependent on indirect taxes and
taxes on international trade instead of direct income taxes.
In addition, the Philippine government reduced the
corporate tax base during 1970s and 1980s by granting
large incentives and exemptions.
 SOCIAL
AND
DOMESTIC ISSUES
Poverty worsened over the course of the dictatorship,
emphasizing that six out of 10 families were poor by the
time the Marcos regime ended, an increase from the four
out of 10 families before Marcos took office in 1965. The
daily income of agricultural workers declined by at least 30
percent—from ₱42 in 1962 to ₱30 in 1986. The wages of
farmers even went as low as ₱23 in 1974, right after the
declaration of martial law. From P127 and ₱89 daily
income for skilled workers and workers without school
training in 1962, wages fell sharply to ₱35 and ₱23 in 1986.
These declines happened in the years when prices of goods
were surging especially in the last 10 years of the
dictatorship.
LEGACY
Deeply discredited at home and abroad by his dubious
electoral victory, Marcos held fast to his presidency as the
Philippine military split between supporters of his and of
Aquino’s legitimate right to the presidency. A tense standoff
that ensued between the two sides ended only when Marcos
fled the country on February 25, 1986, at U.S. urging. He
went into exile in Hawaii, where he remained until his
death on September 28, 1989.
CONCLUSION
Ferdinand Marcos was a Philippine lawyer and politician
and a member of the Philippine House of Representatives
and Senate before winning the presidential election. After
winning a second term, he declared martial law in 1972,
establishing with wife Imelda an autocratic regime based on
widespread favoritism that eventually lead to economic
stagnation and recurring reports of human rights violations.
Marcos held onto the presidency until 1986, when his
people rose against his dictatorial rule and he was forced to
flee. He died on September 28, 1989 in exile in Honolulu,
Hawaii.
BIBLIOG
BIBLIOGR
RAPHY
APHY
 Early Life and
BIBLIOG
Political Career Presidential Presidential Challenges and
Education

•https://www.britannica.
com/biography/Ferdina
nd-E-Marcos
nd-E-Marcos
RAPHY
•https://www.britannica.
com/biography/Ferdina
Campaign

•https://www.britannica.
com/biography/Ferdina
nd-E-Marcos
Achievements

•https://www.newworld
encyclopedia.org/entry
/Ferdinand_Marcos#Fi
Controversies

•https://geek-unleashed.
blogspot.com/2014/04/
ang-pangulo-at-kontro
•https://www.notablebio •https://www.rappler.co rst_term_.281965-196 bersiya-marcos.html?m
graphies.com/Lo-Ma/ m/voices/thought-leade 9.29 =1
Marcos-Ferdinand.htm rs/analysis-how-ferdin •https://www.newworld
l and-marcos-1965-elect encyclopedia.org/entry
•https://martiallawmuse ion-campaign-turned-c /Ferdinand_Marcos#M
um.ph/magaral/young- entral-luzon-war-zone/ artial_law_and_the_Ne
marcos/ w_Society
•https://legacy.senate.go
v.ph/senators/senpres/
marcos.asp
•https://www.biography.
com/political-figures/f
erdinand-marcos
 Foreign Policy
BIBLIOG
Economic Policies Social and Domestic Legacy Conclusion

•https://core.ac.uk/downl
oad/pdf/42981548.pdf
s-debt
RAPHY
•https://www.cadtm.org/
Philippines-The-Marco

•https://www.nber.org/s
Issues

•https://newsinfo.inquir
er.net/1490968/marcos
-martial-law-golden-ag
•https://www.britannica.
com/biography/Ferdina
nd-E-Marcos
Basically every single
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525/c7525.pdf s
 “I don't believe in courtship, it's a waste of time. If I love
the person, I'll tell her right away. But for you, I'll make
an exemption: Just love me now, and I will court you
forever.”
― Ferdinand Marcos

Thank you for listening!

― Sam, Shontelle, and Faith