Critical review on Battery

Management Systems
Dr. K Rayudu K . Vishal Raj
Head of Department Bachelor of Technology
Electrical and Electronics Electrical and Electronics
B V Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur B V Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur
Introduction

 Due to the excessive rate at which resources are being extracted, there is an acute shortage
of fuel on our planet.
 Hence people have been looking for alternative fuel resources
 Electricity is rising to be an efficient energy source in the transportation sector.
 Electric Vehicles (EVs) have many advantages over conventional vehicles such as reduced
fuel cost, better mechanical stability .
 But there are many concerns over their safety due to many fire incidents reported in the
recent past.
 This makes the battery management system of the vehicle necessary for its functioning.
Batteries

 For a better understanding of the battery management system, a foundation on batteries is

essential.
 Cells are the smallest individual electrochemical unit and deliver a voltage that depends on
the combination of chemicals and compounds chosen to make the cell.
 Battery is a combination of two or more cells electrically connected to produce electrical
energy.
 The voltage output of a cell depends on many factors like temperature, charge held within
the cell .
 This lead manufacturers to define nominal voltage – value of voltage assigned to a cell.
 A cell works by the oxidation and reduction reaction taking place continuously.
 During discharge negative electrode release their electrons by which they get oxidized and
positive electrodes receive electrons and get reduced.
 This flow of electrons gives rise to a current moving from positive to negative electrodes
when current collectors are placed on the terminals of the cell.
 During charge the opposite reaction takes place.
 The electric pressure created due to the ions is the cell voltage or EMF.
Li Ion cell
 For most of the portable battery applications, Li ion cell powered batteries are used.
 Li – ion refers to a class of cells that are using lithium intercalation reaction.
 The advantages and disadvantages of Li ion cells are shown below

Advantages
Sealed cells; no maintenance required
Long cycle and shelf life
Rapid charge capability
Many possible chemistries offer design
flexibility
Disadvantages
Initial cost is high
Degrades at higher temperatures
Has a very limited operating area.
Capacity loss when overcharged
Introduction to Battery Management Systems

 Li ion or any type of cell generates very low voltage and hence are mostly used in packs
and they are integrated into a battery module.
 A battery system used in Electric Vehicles or any other application consists of thousands of
batteries for whose management a BMS is required
 Although BMS is a widely used, there is no fixed or unique method of definition for it.
 A general set of expectations are derived from the BMS and they vary from application to
application when we go into detail.
 Monitor the battery pack performance
 Prevent overcharging or over discharging
 Protecting the battery from external conditions.
Measurement of Parameters
 Measurement of parameters (both electrical and thermal) is very important to the
functioning of the BMS.
 Current
 Using low resistance high precision shunt resistor connected to a high precision voltmeter.
 Using hall effect sensors (without contact)
 Voltage
 Pack voltage is measured by using unit containing a impedance converter, a filter and an ADC.
Zener diode is used for protection of measurement circuits from overvoltage.
 Temperature
 The NTC or PTC sensors are used for measuring temperatures in BMS.
State of Charge (SOC)

 State of charge estimation is necessary in BMS. Here the percentage of charge left relative
to full charge capacity is estimated.
 There is no fixed method of SOC estimation as the employment of method depends on the
level of accuracy and resources available.
 The SOC estimation methods are divided into two types.
 Direct methods
 Indirect methods
 Direct methods involve estimating the charge based on the amount of voltage or current
available.
 Voltage translation
 Coulomb counting
 Indirect methods combine the direct methods and software computation to estimate the
state of charge.
 Model based estimation
 Electrical circuit based model
 Electrochemical model

 Adaptive filter based estimation methods

 Kalman Filter based estimation
 Recursive Least Squares based estimation
 H infinity filter based estimation

 Artificial intelligence based estimation techniques

 Fuzzy Logic Based calculation
 Artificial Neural Networks based estimation
 Fuzzy based Neural Network estimation
 Generic Algorithm (GA)
 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm-Based Estimation (PSO)
BMS in various sectors
 BMS in smart grid
 The smart grid is a concept involving an electricity grid that delivers electric energy using
communications, control and computer technology at a lower cost with higher reliability.
 Here storing of energy is a key element due to the fact that renewable energy is not always
available and hence batteries are crucial.
 Hence BMS is used here to perform its functions like SOC, SOH estimation and save energy
within the grid.
 BMS in electric vehicles
 BMS is crucial for the functioning of an electric vehicle. It indicates the user how much distance
can the vehicle go with its remaining battery.
 It also protects the vehicle from high operating temperatures and ensures smooth charging and
discharging.
 Without BMS the safe operating area of Lithium ion batteries would be violated very frequently
which would lead to disastrous fire accidents
 Conclusion
 Key terminologies in the BMS have been reviewed.
 Estimation of battery states and understanding the battery model required for estimating
these states plays an important role in understanding the battery technology, which after so
many years still has a lot to discover.
 After capturing these key states, suitable battery charging approach can be designed to
protect battery against damages, improve efficiency of energy conversion, and prolong the
battery lifetime.
 However, most of the key technologies in the BMS are achieved and validated in specific
test conditions. The modelling, estimation and charging performance in real-world
applications that would be different from the test conditions, or in a worse-case scenario, is
difficult to guarantee.
 Therefore, to explore the limitations or to develop a confidence interval of the presented
algorithms and approaches are required to tackle this challenging issue.
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Thank You