DATA

MANIPULATION
 BINARY SYSTEM
ALL COMPUTERS RUN ON ELECTRICITY
ALL OF THE INTERNAL COMPONENTS “UNDERSTAND” TWO STATES:

1.LOW VOLTAGE STATE

2.HIGH VOLTAGE STATE

SO ALL MODERN COMPUTERS ARE WHAT WE CALL BINARY MACHINES

IN COMPUTERS, THE BASIC UNIT OF INFORMATION IS CALLED A BIT
AND IT CAN BE 0 OR 1.

THE WORD COMES FROM A CONTRACTION OF “BINARY DIGIT”

NOTE:
THE “LANGUAGE” THAT COMPUTERS USE INTERNALLY IN ORDER TO
FUNCTION IS THE BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM.

BINARY SYSTEM USES 0 AND 1 TO REPRESENT THE NUMBERS.

0 - LOW VOLTAGE STATE

1- HIGH VOLTAGE STATE
 HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM

HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM IS A BASE 16 NUMBER SYSTEM.

IT IS USED TO SHORTEN VERY LONG BINARY SERIES.
IT USES SYMBOLS TO REPRESENT VALUES
10,11,12,13,14,15
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
DATA REPRESENTATION

SINCE COMPUTERS ARE ONLY ABLE TO STORE AND WORK

ONLY WITH BINARY DIGITS, WE NEED TO REPRESENT
DIFFERENT TYPE OF DATA LIKE TEXT, IMAGES AND VIDEO
IN BINARY.
ASCII CODE

American Standard Code for Information

Interchange.
ASCII CODE IS A CHARACTER SET THAT IS USED TO
REPRESENT TEXT IN BINARY
IMAGES AND VIDEOS
TO STORE AN IMAGE, WE NEED TO REPRESENT THE COLOR OF EACH PIXEL IN
AN IMAGE.
THE MOST COMMON WAY IS TO USE RGB MODEL.
IN RGB MODEL EACH COLOR IS COMBINATION OF THREE PRIMARY COLORS
RED, GREEN AND BLUE.
FOR EACH PIXEL WE STORE THREE VALUES, ONE FOR EACH COLOR, EACH
RANGING FROM 0-255.
SO AN IMAGE IS THE BINARY REPRESENTATION OF THREE COLORS THAT MAKE
UP THE PIXEL OF THE PICTURE
BOOLEAN LOGIC AND GATES
THE DATA IS IN BINARY FORMAT, BUT COMPUTER HAVE TO CONVERT THE
DATA TO DO SOMETHING USEFUL.
GEORGE BOOLE, A MATHEMATICAN PROVIDES US WITH A SET OF
OPERATIONS THAT DO SIMPLE TRANSFORMATIONS.
IN BOOLEAN LOGIC WE HAVE NOT, AND,OR & XOR.
WITH THIS SIMPLE OPERATORS WE CAN BUILD COMPLEX SYSTEMS LIKE A
COMPUTER CPU
EACH BOOLEAN OPERATOR IS IMPLEMENTED BY A LOGIC
GATE, WHICH IS A DEVICE THAT ACCEPST ONE OR MORE
INPUT SIGNALS AND PRODUCES A SINGLE OUTPUT
NOT GATE
AND GATE

ACCEPTS TWO INPUT

VALUES. IF BOTH OF THEM
ARE 1 THE OUTPUT IS 1,
OTHERWISE THE OUTPUT IS
0
OR GATE

HAS TWO INPUTS.

IF BOTH OF THEM ARE 0 THE
OUTPUT IS 0,
OTHERWISE THE OUTPUT IS 1
XOR GATE

IT PRODUCES 0 IF
BOTH INPUTS ARE
THE SAME
TRANSISTORS

GATES ARE MADE OF ONE ORE MORE TRANSISTORS.

A TRANSISTOR IS A DEVICE THAT ACTS DEPENDING ON THE
VOLTAGE LEVEL OF AN INPUT SIGNAL.
GATES ARE USED IN ALL COMPUTER COMPONENTS FROM RAM
MEMORY TO THE LITTLE EXTERNAL FLASH MEMORY(USB)
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT IS A SET OF ELECTRONIC
CIRCUITS ALL ENCLOSED IN A SMALL PACKAGE
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
ALL COMPUTERS CAN PERFORM THREE FUNDAMENTAL ACTIONS:
RETRIEVING STORING PROCCESING
IN ORDER TO BE USEFUL WE NEED TO TELL COMPTERS WHAT TO
DO WITH DATA AND WE NEED TO PROVIDE INSTRUCTIONS.
THOSE INSTRUCTIONS NEED TO BE STORED SOMEWHERE.
ALL MODERN COMPUTERS ARE BASED ON VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
 MAIN COMPONENTS

INPUT MAIN OUTPUT

DEVICE CPU
MEMORY DEVICE

BUS
THE FETCH-EXECUTE CYCLE
INPUT DEVICE

MOVE DATA FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD INTO THE COMPUTER.

THESE INCLUDE YPUR KEYBOARD AND MOUSE.
CPU
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT- CONTAINS TWO SUBCOMPONENTS
WHICH FORM THE HEART OF EACH COMPUTER:
ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT (ALU)THAT PERFORMS ALL ARITHMETIC
AND LOGIC OPERATIONS ON DATA.
CONTROL UNIT (CU) THAT ENSURES THAT ALL THE OTHER
COMPONENTS WORK TOGETHER TO EXECUTE THE INSTRUCTIONS
MAIN MEMORY
THE TYPE OF MAIN MEMORY THAT COMPUTERS USE IS CALLED RAM (RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY).
THIS MEANS THAT EATCH BYTE OF DATA INSIDE THE MEMORY CAN BE DIRECTLY ACCESSED
SECONDARY STORAGE
AS WE MENTIONED, THE MAIN MEMORY IS LIMITED IN SIZE, WE
NEED ANOTHER TYPE OF STORAGE DEVICE WHERE DATA AND
INSTRUCTIONS CAN BE KEPT SAFELY.
THE MOST KNOWN SECONDARY DEVICE IS HARD DISC DRIVE (HDD)
OPERATING SYSTEM
COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE SOFTWARE
A COMPUTER PROGRAM

A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS DESIGNED FOR A

PARTICULAR TASK IS CALLED A PROGRAM
SOFTWARES
> > APPLICATION SOFTWARE

>> SYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
REFERS TO ALL THE PROGRAMS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO
SOLVE PROBLEMS IN THE REAL WORLD, HELPING THE
COMPUTER USER.

EXAMPLE: OFFCE PROGRAMS, BROWSERS, GAMES AND

MEDIA
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
MANAGES THE COMPUTER SYSTEM ITSELF. IT PROVIDES
THE TOOLS AND AN ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH
APPLICATION SOFTWARE CAN BE CREATED AND RUN.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE INTERACTS DIRECTLY WITH THE
HARDWARE.
ALL COMPUTERS SUPPORT MULTIPROGRAMMING, WHICH IS THE
TECHNIQUE OF KEEPING MULTIPLE PROGRAMS IN THE MAIN
MEMORY AT THE SAME TIME.

IT IS THE OPERATING SYSTEMS JOB TO KEEP TRACK OF WHAT

PROGRAMS ARE IN MEMORY AND WHERE IN MEMORY THEY ARE
LOCATED
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
THE OPERATING SYSTEM MUST ALSO USE OF THE CPU BY THE
INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES.

ONLY ONE PROCESS CAN BE EXECUTED AT A GIVEN TIME SO EVERY

PROCESS GOES THROUGH A LIFE CYCLE.
FILE SYSTEM
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SECONDARY STORAGE IS ONE OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT JOBS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM.
INFORMATION ON HARD DISC IS ORGANIZED ON FILES.

A GROUP OF FILES IS CALLED A DIRECTORY

A DIRECTORY CONTAINING ANOTHER IS CALLED THE PARENT

DIRECTORY
CONCLUSION
SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
- Manages the computer system itself.
- Provides the tools and the environment in which application
software can be created and run
- Performs memory management.
- Manages the use of the CPU
- Organizes the secondary memory on computer
NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
COMPUTERS CONNECT TO EACH OTHER AND FORM
NETWORKS IN ORDER TO COMMUNICATE AND
SHARE RESOURCES
PACKET SWITCHING
IN ORDER TO ACHIVE MORE EFFICIENT TRANSFER OF MESSAGES BETWEEN
DIFFERENT DEVICES OVER NETWORK, EACH MESSAGE IS DEVIDED INTO FIXED-
SIZE, NUMBER OF PACKETS.

PACKETS ARE SENT OVER THE NETWORK TO THEIR DESTINATION, WHERE THEY
ARE RECEIVED AND REASSEMBLED TO FORM THE ORIGINAL MESSAGE.

THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS PACKET SWITCHING

THE INDIVIDUAL PACKETS OF A MESSAGE MAY TAKE DIFFERENT
ROUTES IN THE NETWORK ON THEIR WAY TO DESTINATION.
IT IS THE JOB OF THE DESTINATION DEVICE TO PUT THEM IN A
PROPER ORDER TO RECREATE THE ORIGINAL MESSAGE.

TRAFIC BETWEEN NETWORKS IS DIRECTED BY NETWORK DEVICES

CALLED ROUTERS
A ROUTER THAT RECEIVES A PACKET, READS THE DESTINATION AND DECIDES
TO WHICH OTHER ROUTER THAT IS DIRECLY CONNECTED TO IT, IT MUS BE
FORWORDED TO.
THE NEXT ROUTER REPEATS THIS PROCESS UNTIL THE PACKET REACHES A
ROUTER THAT IS CONNECTED TO RECIPIENT DEVICE.

IF A CERTAIN PATH IS BLOCKED FOR ANY REASON, THE PACKET IS SENT BY

ROUTER TO AN ALTERNATIVE ROUTE.
NETWORK ADDRESS
IN ORDER FOR TWO COMPUTERS TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER, THEY NEED TO BE
ABLE TO IDENTIFY EACH OTHER AMONGST ALL THE OTHER COMPUTERS IN THE WORLD.
THIS IS DONE IN TWO WAYS:
1. HOSTNAME
2. IP ADDRESS
THE HOSTNAME IS WHAT A DEVICE IS CALLED ON A NETWORK.
EX: WIKIPEDIA.ORG
IP ADDRESS IS A SERIES OF FOUR DECIMAL NUMBERS SEPERATED BY DOTS
EX: 91.198.174.255
EACH OF TH FOUR NUMBERS THAT MAKE UP IP ADDRESS CAN BE IN RANGE 0-
255.
EACH HOSTNAME HAS A CORRESPONDING IP ADDRESS.
CONNECTION BETWEEN HOSTNAME AND IP ADDRESS IS MADE BY DNS
(DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)
DNS TRANSLATES DOMAIN NAMES TO IP ADDRESSES SO
BROWSERS CAN LOAD INTERNET RESOURCES.
PROTOCOLS

A NETWORK PROTOCOL IS A SET OF RULES THAT DEFINES

HOW DATA IS FORMATTED AND PRACESSED ON A
NETWORK
TCP/IP
(TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/ INTERNET PROTOCOL)
TCP – SPLITS THE MESSAGE INTO PACKETS, PASSES THEM TO IP
SOFTWARE FOR TRANSMISSION AND THEN REASSEMBLES THE
PACKETS AT THEIR DESTINATION.

IP- IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ROUTING OF THE PACKETS THROUGH

THE WEB.
HIGH-LEVEL PROTOCOLS
FTP- FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL: TRANSFERS FILES TO AND FROM ANOTHER COMPUTER.

HTTP- HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL: EXCHANGES THE WORLD WIDE WEB DOCUMENTS.

HTTPS- HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL SECURE: A VARIANT OF HTTP OFFERING SECURE

COMUNICATION BETWEEN COMPUTERS.

DNS- DOMAIN NAME SERVER: TRANSLATES HOSTNAMES OF COMPUTERS TO

CORRESPONDING IP ADDRESSES
 WORLD WIDE WEB
MOST COMMON MISTAKE THAT PEOPLE DO I USING IS USING TERM INTERNET INSTEAD OF
WEB OR VISE VERSA.

THE INTERNET IS THE GLOBAL NETWORK THAT ALLOWS ANY COMPUTER CONNECTED TO IT TO
COMMUNICATE WITH ALL OTHERS.

THE WEB IS A SPECIFIC WAY OF ACCESSING INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET. IT IS A

SYSTEMOF INTELINKED DOCUMENTS THAT ARE CALLED WEB PAGES

EACH WEB PAGE ON THE WEB IS UNIQUELY IDENTIFIED BY UN ADDRES CALLED URL
FIREWALL
A FIREWALL IS A SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE-BASED SECURITY SYSTEM THAT
CONTROLS THE INCOMING AND OUTGOING NETWORK TRAFFIC BY ANALYZING
THE DATA PACKETS.

FIREWALL DECIDES IF PACKETS SHOULD BE ALLOWED THROUGH OR NOT.

IT CAN BE A SOFTWARE PROGRAM RUNNING ON THE COMPUTER OR AS A

HARDWARE ON THE COMPUTER NETWORK
IMAGE ESSENTIALS
Adobe Photoshop is one of most powerful programs
available for image editing

It is used by professionals worldwide to edit images

and apply different artistic filters
Images size and resolution
Every digital image consists of many colored dots called
pixels.
Example: images coming from digital camera may be 4000
by 3000 pixels.
These are the images pixel dimensions.
What is resolution?
The term resolution is used to mean different things in different
cases.
- It is used to refer to the total amount of pixels in an image.
- In photoshop it has nothing to do with the amount of pixels.
- In photoshop resolution is about how detailed an image will
appear if it is printed on paper and it is measured in pixel per inch
(ppi)
Chose a color mode

A color mode is how each color is represented in

each pixel in an image
RGB model
CMY model
Color Depth
Photoshop allows you to chose color depth while working on an
image.
Color depth is how many different shades of each color you will
have available to work with while editing an image.
It is measured in Bit/Channel.
A channel is a basic color of your color mode. For example in RGB
model we have the red channel
If we use 8 bit for the red channel that means that we can
have 256 shades of red (2”8).
In 8 bits/channel we can have 256*256*256=16.7 million
different colors on the image.
What to choose?
If we plan to make a lot of changes on the image we can use 16
bit/channel.
We have to know that color depth usually increases file size.
Best way is to work in 16 bit/channel and when finished convert it to
8 bit/channel.
Keep in mind that most popular image formats like JPEG only support
8 bit/channel.
If we want to use another color depth we mast use TIFF image
format.
BUSINESS
DOCUMEN
TS
 IN THE ERA OF PAPERLESS WORLD, BUSINESSES
OPERATE IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENTS BY
CREATING DOCUMENTS IN DIGITL FORM.

DUFFERENT IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS ARE

CREATED, ADAPTED OR PROCESSED BY
DIGITAL SOFTWARES.
BUSINESS
DOCUMENTS
THEY ARE SIGNED AND SENT EXCLUSIVELY ONLINE
AND STORED FOR EASY ACCESS BY ALL PARTIES
 HOWEVER, WHILE ITS CONVENIENT TO HAVE ALL
DOCUMENTS IN DIGITAL FORM, SOME OF THE DOCUMENTS
STILL HAVE TO BE PRINTD.
SHOULD WE
PRINT FOR EXAMPLE: Sensitive documents like contracts, licenses,
ANYMORE? permits or any other important file which is crucial for a
specific operation
TYPES OF
BUSINESS 1. E-MAILS
2. BUSINESS LETTERS
DOCUMENT
3. BUSINESS REPORTS
S
4. TRANSACTIONAL DOCUMENTS
5. FINANCIAL DOCUMENTS
CO-WORKERS TYPICALLY USE EMAIL TO EXCHANGE
INFORMATION TO EACH OTHER.

THEY ARE ALSO USED TO COMMUNICATE WITH EXTERNAL

RECIEPIENTS, SO THE CONTENT MUST BE WELL STRUCTURED
AND PROFESSIONAL.

AN EMAIL CONTAINS THE SENDER AND THE RECIPIENT AND

CONTAINS A SUBJECT LINE.

THE TEXT IS FORMATED IN ONE OR MORE PARAGRAPHS

BUSINESS
LETTERS
ARE USED IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE
COMPANY AND THE INDIVIDUALS OUTSIDE OF THE
OFFICE LIKE CUSTOMERS, PARTNERS IN THE
BUSINESS, CONTRACTORS, SERVICE PROVIDERS
AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
BUSINESS
REPORTS
REPORTS USUALLY ARE MORE FORMAL AND USUALLY
LONGE
THAN A LETTER.

THEY COVER ONE OR MOREE TOPICS AND MAY

INCLUDE STATISTICS, CHARTS
GRAPHS,IMAGES AND CASE STUDIES
TRANSACTION
AL DOCUMENTS

THESE DOCUMENTS USUALLY TAKE A

STANDARD FORM SUCH AS ORDER
FORM,
INVOICE ETC.

THEY MOSTLY DEPEND ON THE TYPE OF

THE BUSINESS OR ORGANIZATION
FINANCIAL
DOCUMENTS
FINANCIAL DOCUMENTS ARE WRITTEN RECORDS THAT
CONVEY THE BUSINESS ACTIVITIES AND THE FINANCIAL
PERFORMANCE OF A COMPANY. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ARE OFTEN AUDITED BY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,
ACCOUNTANTS, FIRMS, ETC.
CASUAL CASUAL LANGUAGE REFER TO THE USE OF EVERYDAY
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS WITHIN A FAMILIAR GROUP
VS
FORMAL
STYLE FORMAL LANGUAGE REFERS TO USE OF THE PROFESSIONL
EXPRESSIONS, PROTOCOLS AND PROFESSIONL STATUS
 FORMATTING BASICS:

FORMATIN 1. USE OF TRADITIONAL FONT (SUCH AS TIMES

NEW ROMAN OR ARIAL FOR ENGLISH)
GA
BUSINESS 2. USE TIMES NEW ROMAN FOR LONG TEXT AND
DOCUMENT SANS SERIF FOR TITLES

3. LEFT-ALIGN THE TEXT

4. USE SINGLE-SPACED PARAGRAPHS

WRITING A
FORMAL
E-MAIL
 Always open your email with a greeting, such
as “Dear Lillian”.

1. BEGIN If your relationship with the reader is formal, use

WITH A their family name (eg. “Dear Mrs. Price”). If the
GREETING relationship is more casual, you can simply say, “Hi
Kelly”.

If you don’t know the name of the person you are

writing to, use: “To whom it may
concern” or “Dear Sir/Madam”.
 Begin by stating your purpose
For example, “I am writing to enquire about …” or “I am
writing in reference to …”.

2. STATE
YOUR Make your purpose clear early on in the email, and then move into
PURPOSE the main text of your email.

Remember, people want to read emails quickly, so keep your

sentences short and clear.

You’ll also need to pay careful attention to grammar, spelling and

punctuation so that you present a professional image of yourself
and your company.
 Before you end your email, it’s polite to thank your reader one
more time and add some polite closing remarks.

3.ADD YOUR You might start with “Thank you for your patience and
CLOSING cooperation” or “Thank you for your consideration” and
REMARKS then follow up with, “If you have any questions or
concerns, don’t hesitate to let me know” and “I look
forward to hearing from you”.
 The last step is to include an appropriate closing
with your name. “Best regards”, “Sincerely”,
and “Thank you” are all professional.

4.END WITH Avoid closings such as “Best

A CLOSING wishes” or “Cheers” unless you are good friends

with the reader.

Finally, before you hit the send button, review and

spell check your email one more time to make sure
it’s truly perfect!
 DOCUMENT DESIGN
PRINCIPLES

THERE IS NO “RIGHT” OR “WRONG” DESIGN, BUT THERE IS

EFECTIVE DESIGNS OR INEFECTIVE DESIGN OF A DOCUMENT

*THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CRATOR OF A BUSINESS DOCUMENT IS TO PRODUCE READER

FRIENDLY DOCUMENTS
4 BASIC
PRINCIPLES OF 1. GROUP RELATED ITEMS TOGETHER (PROXIMITY)

BUSINESS 2. EVERY ELEMENT SHOULD HAVE SOME VISUAL

DOCUMENT CONNECTION WITH ANOTHER ELEMENT ON THE

PAGE (ALIGNMENT)
DESIGN
3. REPEAT VISUAL ELEMENTS OF THE DESIGN
THROUGHOUT THE DOCUMENT (REPETITION)

4. ELEMENTS SHOUILD EITHER BE THE SAME OR

VERY DIFFERENT (CONTRAST)
ASPECTS TO KEEP IN MIND
ABOUT TEXT
 THEY ARE IMPORTANT NAVIGATION AIDS FOR THE READER
HEADLINES BY GUIDING THE READER THROUGH THE MOST IMPORTANT
AND POINTS.

SUBHEADS THEY ALSO BREAK UP LARGE BLOCKS OF TEXTS

 THE SPACE BETWEEN LETTER, WORDS AND
TEXT LINES CAN BE ADJUSTED.
SPACING
IT IS BETTER TO AVOID MANUAL
ADJUSTMENT, UNLESS YOU KNOW EXACTLY
WHAT YOU WANT TO DO
 THE LETTEERING MUST BE LARGE ENOUGH TO BE
READ EASILY.

LETTER SIZE USE UPPERCASE/LOWERCASE LETTEERING IN THE

DOCUMENT.

ALL UPPERCASE LETTERING IS USED ONLY WHEN

IT IS NEEDED TO CALL ATTENTION TO A SPECIFIC
WORD.
 RED: IT IS USED TO EXPRESS WARNING

USING BRIGHT YELLOW: IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH

COUTION
COLORS
BLUE: IT IS ASSICIATED WITH TRADITION,
ARRANGEMENT AND STABILITY
GREEN: GREEN PROVIDES A SENSE OF NATYRE
AND REGENERATION

BLACK ND WHITE:WHITE IS A NEUTRAL COLOR,

WHILE BLACK IS ASSOCIATED WITH FORMALITY
VISUAL ELEMENTS
PHOTOGRA
PHS THEY GIVE THE DOCUMENT THE ADVANTAGE OF REALISM

ONE DISADVANTAGE IS THAT THEY MAY DETRACT TH

READER FROM THE BASIC MESSAGE
DRAWINGS/
THEY CAN HELP BY SHOWING ATTENTION TO
ILUSTRATION PARTS THAT READER NEEDS TO SEE.
S
THEY ALSO MUST BE CLEAR AND SIMPLE
GRAPHS
AND
CHARTS
BUSINESS
REPORTS
WHAT IS A
BUSINESS A business report is a collection of
REPORT? data and analyses that helps make
relevant information easily
accessible to a company.
 1. EXAMINE PROBLEMS,TRYING TO FIND
POTRNTIAL SOLUTIONS.

GOALS OF
A 2. PRODUCE SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
BY APPLYING BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
BUSINESS THEORIES.

REPORT
3. PRESENT EVALUATIONS, CONSIDERING
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND OUTCOMES

4. PRODUCE SUGGSTIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIONS

TYPES OF
BUSINESS 1. INFORMATIONAL REPORT
REPORTS 2. ANALYTICAL REPORT
3. RESEARCH REPORT
4. EXPLANATORY REPORT
THERE ARE 5 BASIC
TYPES OF BUSINESS 5 PROGRESS REPORT
REPORTS
 BASED ON THE BUSINESS REPORT FORMAT,
HOW TO THE COMPONENT OF A BUINESS REPORT ARE:
WRITE A 1. TITLE
BUSINESS 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
REPORT? 3. TABLE OF CONTETNS
4. INTRODUCTION
5. MAIN BODY
6. CONCLUSIONS
7. RECOMMENDATIOINS
8.APPENDIX
9. REFERENES