LECTURE 2

INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

References:
• Bernhard (Chapter 1, 4, 6-14)
• Rappaport (Chapter 1, 2)
• Prasad (Chapter 1)
• Kaaranen (Chapter 1)
Cellular Networks: 1G

 First Generation (1G)

 Analog Systems
 Analog Modulation, mostly FM
 AMPS (advanced Mobile Phone System)
 Voice Traffic
 FDMA/FDD multiple access
 Confined to national boundaries
 1G Systems
 1960s AT&T Bell Labs developed Cellular Radio,
– theories and techniques.
 1968 Cellular Mobile System (USA)
– Proposed by AT&T to FCC
 1983 1G Analog Cellular Systems,
– Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), US
 mid 1980s
• European Total Access Communication Systems (ETACS), Europe
 Features:
– Frequency bands: 800 – 900 MHz,
– Channel bandwidth (simplex):
• AMPS: 30 kHz, ETACS: 25 kHz.,
– FM for speech,
– FSK for signaling,
– FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access ).
 in 1979, The world’s first cellular system was implemented by Nippon
Telephone and telegraph (NTT) company in Japan
 In 1988, JTACS (25 kHz simplex channel BW in the 800 MHz band.
Second Generation (2G)

 Digital Systems
 Digital Modulation
 Voice Traffic
 Short messaging services (SMS)
 TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access

 Limitations of 2G systems
– Developed for voice communication (unsuitable for data traffic)
– low data rate on the order of tens kbps.
– Not suitable for internet (packet switched services)
– Multiple standards (no true global coverage)
 2G Systems (1991-1994)

 1990 First, Group Special Mobile (GSM), network, Finland.

Later, Global System for Mobile Communications.

 1991 commercial operation of US Digital Cellular (USDC)

– (IS-54 and later IS-136),
– also called D-AMPS (digital-AMPS)

 1992 Commercial GSM, all major European Operators.

 1993 GSM 1800 system in commercial operation, UK.

 1993 DCS-1800 (Cordless/PCS) , Europe

 1993 Japanese Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) system
 1993 CDMA-based Interim Standard (IS-95)
 1993 Japanese Personal Handyphone System (PHS), Cordless/PCS.

 1994 DCS-1900 (GSM 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz), PCS.

 Most Popular 2G Technologies

cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136

PDC

Uplink Frequencies 824-849 (Cellular) 890-915 (Eurpe) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(MHz) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 1850-1910 (US PCS) (Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)

Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US 935-960 (Europa) 869-894 MHz (Cellular)
(MHz) Cellular) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
1930-1990 MHz (US 800 MHz, 1500 MHz
PCS) (Japan)

Deplexing FDD FDD FDD

Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature GMSK p/4 DQPSK
Spreading
Channel Bandwidthn 1.25 MHz 200 kHz 30 kHz (IS-136)
(25 kHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 kbps 48.6 kbps (IS-136)
42 kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
 2.5G Technologies
 The efforts to remove the impediments on 2G systems
resulted in 2.5 G
 Digital Systems
 Voice + Low-data-rate Data
 Internet access through General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS).
 Enhanced Data rate for GSM/Global Evolution (EDGE).
 Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and I-mode
– web browsing format language,
– Allows standard web pages to be viewed in a compressed
format via the mobile phone.
– I-mode micro-browser technology for 2G PDC
 2.5G Technologies Evolution of TDMA Systems

 HSCSD for 2.5G GSM

 High Speed Circuit switched Data
 Up to 57.6 kbps data rate (14.4 kbps x 4 time slots)
 2.5G Technologies Evolution of TDMA Systems

 GPRS for GSM and IS-136

 General Packet Radio Service
 uses packet switching along with circuit switching that was adopted in GSM
 Up to 171.2 kbps data rate (8 time slots x 21.4 kbps)
 Commercially up to 115 kbps
 Support bursty traffic.
 Allows single user to transmit data simultaneously on multiple (up to 8) time
slots.
 Support multiuser network sharing of individual channels and time slots .
 uses similar modulation technique, transmission technology and bandwidth
that is used in GSM
 Advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible
 Disadvantage: more investment needed by operators
 new routers and Internet gateway at BS, along with
 new software that redefines BS air interface
 Data Services in GSM II

 GPRS network elements

 GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN
 GGSN (Gateway GSN)
• interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)

 SGSN (Serving GSN)

• supports the MS (location, billing, security)

 GR (GPRS Register)
• user addresses
GPRS Architecture and Interfaces

SGSN

Gn

BSS SGSN GGSN PDN

MS

Um Gb Gn Gi

MSC HLR/
GR

VLR EIR
2.5G Technologies
Evolution of TDMA Systems

 EDGE for 2.75G GSM and IS-136

 Enhanced Data Rate for GSM (or Global) Evolution
 Up to 384 kbps data rate
 EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology
 The EDGE standard is built on the existing GSM standard, using the
same transmission technology and BW; but utilizes the 8-phase shift
keying (8-PSK) modulation technique along with GMSK.
 The 8-PSK offers higher data rates with reduced coverage, whereas
GMSK was used as a robust mode for wide area coverage.
 The EDGE has been added to enhanced the packet-switched
services and enabled new high speed data applications such as
multimedia applications.
 Uses 9 Modulation and coding schemes (MCS)
 Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
2.5G Technologies Evolution of CDMA
(cdmaOne) Systems
 single upgrade path: IS-95B
 Up to data rate of 115.2 kbps (8 Walsh codes x 14.4 kbps)
 Practically: only up to 64 kbps
Cellular Network Evolution: 3G Systems

 Goals
– Voice and Data Transmission
• Simultaneous voice and data access

– Multi-megabit Internet access

• Interactive web sessions

– Ubiquitous, always-on access.

– Multimedia Transmission
• Live music
 Cellular Network Evolution: 3G
 Evolution of Systems
• GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to WCDMA (Wideband CDMA-
WCDMA) (also called UMTS - Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System)
 Channel Bandwidth 5 MHz
 Up to 2.048 Mbps data rates (stationary user)
 Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
• new spectrum is allocated for these technologies.
• Requires complete change out of the RF equipment at each base
station (new base station – expensive)
 Cellular Network Evolution: 3G
 CDMA system evolved to CDMA2000
 CDMA2000 is divided into 2 phases 1x and 3x.
– 1x is used to refer that the standard carrier is 1.25 MHz (same as IS-95A/B)
– 3x is a multi-carrier approach, 3 times standard carrier of 1.25MHz, i.e. 3.75
MHz
 CDMA2000-1xRTT:
Up to 307 kbps data rate
RTT means Radio Transmission Technology.
 CDMA2000-1xEV (Evolution)
 CDMA2000-1xEV-DO (Evolution- Data Only or Data Optimized) – Rev 0:
up to 2.4 Mbps data rate (DL) and 153 kbps (UL)
 CDMA2000-1xEV-DV (Data and voice): 3.1 Mbps data rate (DL)
 CDMA2000-3xRTT: (Multi-Carrier or MC)
ITU-approved 3G mobile wireless technology (not under development at
present)
2 Mbps (same as WCDMA).
• Allows the same spectrum, bandwidth, RF technology, and air interface framework
to be used at the same base station as the 3G upgrades are introduced over time.
Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies

2G
IS-136 &
IS-95 GSM
PDC

2.5G
GPRS
IS-95B HSCSD
EDGE

3G
CDMA200-1xRTT
3GPP2 W-CDMA
EDGE
CDMA2000-1xEV,DV,DO
TD-SCDMA
CDMA2000-3xRTT 3GPP
 3G Systems
 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines the
standard for 3G systems.
 referred to as International Mobile Telecommunication-2000 (IMT-
2000).
 Formerly known as FPLMTS – Future public Land Mobile
Telecommunication System
 Aimed for data at higher speeds up to 2 Mbps to open the
ways for truly “mobile broadband” experience.
 The two significant 3G standards are:
 Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) managed by the 3G Partnership Project
(3GPP), also referred to as Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) or UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).
 CDMA2000 introduced by the 3GPP2.
3G Systems
UTRAN Architecture

RNS RNC: Radio Network Controller

RNS: Radio Network Subsystem
UE1 Node B Iub
Iu

RNC CN
UE2 • UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial
Node B Radio Access Network)
comprises several RNSs
UE3 • Node B can support FDD or
TDD or both
Iur
Node B
• RNC is responsible for
Iub handover decisions
Node B
requiring signaling to the
RNC UE
• Cell offers FDD or TDD
Node B

RNS
Core Network: Architecture

VLR
BSS
BTS Abis Iu

BSC MSC GMSC

PSTN
BTS
Node B IuCS
AuC

EIR HLR

GR
Node B
Iub

Node B
RNC SGSN GGSN
Gn Gi

Node B IuPS
RNS CN
Core Network

 The Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu, too, are
separated into two logical domains:
 Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)
– Circuit switched service including signaling
– Resource reservation at connection setup
– GSM components (MSC, GMSC, VLR)
– IuCS
 Packet Switched Domain (PSD)
– GPRS components (SGSN, GGSN)
– IuPS

 Release 99 uses the GSM/GPRS network and adds a new

radio access!
– Helps to save a lot of money …
– Much faster deployment
– Not as flexible as newer releases (5, 6,…etc)
 3G Systems

 The ITU IMT-2000 standards organizations are separated

into two major organizations reflecting the two 3G camps:
– 3GPP (3G Partnership Project for WCDMA standards based on
backward compatibility with GSM and IS136/PDC).

– 3GPP2 (3G Partnership Project 2 for CDMA2000 standards based on

backward compatibility with IS-95).

 Extensions to both WCDMA and CDMA2000 have been

defined by the 3GPP and 3GPP2 with the objective of
– adding network capacity and
– features to enable operators to offer new data-oriented services
over their existing networks.
 3G Systems
 Evolution of Systems
• Extension to CDMA2000
» CDMA2000- 1x EV-DO (Rev. A):
 A major step in the evolution of CDMA200 std. towards converged
communication networks and ubiquitous delivery of voice and data
services
 up to 3.1 Mbps in DL and 1.8 Mbps in UL
VoIP
» CDMA2000- EV-DO (Rev. B):
 DL data rate: 73 Mbps
 UL data rate: 27 Mbps
 Through aggregation of 15 , 1.25 MHz carrier within 20 MHz of Bandwidth
 CDMA2000- EV-DO (Rev. C): also called as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB):
 DL data rate: up to 288 Mbps
 Supports flexible and dynamic channel BW scalability from 1.25MHz to
20 MHz
 Backward compatible with Revisions A and B.
 3GPP2 cancelled working on UMB in favor of LTE
 Beyond 3G (B3G) Systems
 Extensions to the WCDMA include:
 Release-5 (Rel-5) High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

 Rel-6 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

 Rel-7 with new enhancements, the combination of HSDPA and

HSUPA is called HSPA.

 Evolutions to HSPA is also introduced by 3GPP and is commonly

known as HSPA+.
 Rel-8 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) known as 3GPP-LTE, 3.99G or
evolved UTRAN.

 Meanwhile, the ITU proposed a new concept called IMT-Advanced,

which is responsible to set the vision of the characteristics of the 4G
mobile networks.
B3G Systems
 2013

Release 12 3/2015

Release 13 3/2016

Release 14 6/2017

On progress
Release 15 Should be completed 5G phase 1
in 9/2018
Should be completed in
Release 16 12/2019 5G phase 2
Key LTE features

 Simplified network architecture compared to GSM/UMTS

– Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core, optimized for the
IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), no more circuit switching
 Network should be in parts self-organizing
 Scheme for soft frequency reuse between cells
– Inner part uses all sub-bands with less power
– Outer part uses pre-served sub-bands with higher power
 Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennas
 Support of advanced antenna system:
– For BS: 4x4 (2 Tx antenna and 2 Rx antenna)
– For MS: 1x2 (1 Tx antenna, 2 Rx antenna) or 2x2
 Much lower RTT – good for interactive traffic and gaming
– Up to 10 ms RTT (round-trip times) between UE and eNodeB (eNB) and up
to less than 100 ms transition from inactive to active
 Large step towards 4G – IMT-advanced
3GPP-LTE

326 Mbps
86.4 Mbps

(spectral efficiency)
 High flexibility

 E-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)

– Operating bands E-UTRA
Operating
Uplink (UL) operating band
BS receive
Downlink (DL) operating band
BS transmit
Duplex
Mode
700-2700MHz Band UE transmit
FUL_low – FUL_high
UE receive
FDL_low – FDL_high
– Channel bandwidth 1.4, 1
2
1920 MHz – 1980 MHz
1850 MHz – 1910 MHz
2110 MHz – 2170 MHz
1930 MHz – 1990 MHz
FDD
FDD
3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz 3
4
1710 MHz – 1785 MHz
1710 MHz – 1755 MHz
1805 MHz – 1880 MHz
2110 MHz – 2155 MHz
FDD
FDD
– TDD and FDD 5
6
1
824 MHz – 849 MHz
830 MHz – 840 MHz
869 MHz – 894MHz
875 MHz – 885 MHz
FDD
FDD
7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD
 Modulation 8
9
880 MHz – 915 MHz
1749.9 MHz – 1784.9 MHz
925 MHz – 960 MHz
1844.9 MHz – 1879.9 MHz
FDD
FDD
– QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM 10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
11 1427.9 MHz – 1447.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz – 1495.9 MHz FDD

 Multiple Access 12
13
699 MHz – 716 MHz
777 MHz – 787 MHz
729 MHz – 746 MHz
746 MHz – 756 MHz
FDD
FDD
14 788 MHz – 798 MHz 758 MHz – 768 MHz FDD
– OFDMA (DL), 15 Reserved Reserved FDD
16 Reserved Reserved FDD
– SC-FDMA (UL) 17 704 MHz – 716 MHz 734 MHz – 746 MHz FDD
18 815 MHz – 830 MHz 860 MHz – 875 MHz FDD

 Peak data rates 19

20
830 MHz – 845 MHz
832 MHz – 862 MHz
875 MHz – 890 MHz
791 MHz – 821 MHz
FDD
FDD
21 1447.9 MHz – 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 MHz – 1510.9 MHz FDD
– 300 Mbps DL ...
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
– 75 Mbps UL 34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD
35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD
– Depends on UE 36
37
1930 MHz –
1910 MHz –
1990 MHz
1930 MHz
1930 MHz
1910 MHz
–
–
1990 MHz
1930 MHz
TDD
TDD
category 38
39
2570 MHz –
1880 MHz –
2620 MHz
1920 MHz
2570 MHz
1880 MHz
–
–
2620 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
TDD
40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz TDD
 Cell radius Note 1: Band 6 is not applicable
3GPP-LTE
LTE Multiple Access

 Scheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)

f
UE1 UE1 UE1 UE1 UE1 UE1

UE2 UE2 UE1 UE1 UE3 UE3

UE3 UE4 UE2 UE4 UE3 UE3

UE4 UE3 UE2 UE2 UE2 UE4

180 kHz UE1 UE4 UE2 UE1 UE1 UE4

1 ms t
LTE Architecture
MME Mobility Management Entity S-GW Serving Gateway
P-GW Packet-data network Gateway HSS Home Subscriber Server
PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function
Uu
UE2
MME GPRS
eNode B S10 S3

X2 MME HSS
eNode B X2 S1-MME S6

UE1 S1-MME S11

eNode B S4
Uu X2 PCRF
S1-U
X2 S7
eNode B S-GW Rx+

S1-U S5 S8 (roaming)
Internet,
eNode B Operators…
P-GW SGi
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
3GPP-LTE
 SISO: Single-Input Single Output
 SIMO: Single-Input Multiple Output
 MISO: Multiple-Input Single Output
 MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple Output
 MIMO

Radio Radio
D channel D
Bits S S Bits
P Radio Radio P
TX RX

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems with multiple

parallel radios improve the following:
– Space diversity: to improve the communication reliability by
decreasing the sensitivity to fading by picking up multiple copies of
the same signal at different locations in space.
• Outages reduced by using information from multiple antennas

– Spatial Multiplexing: increased capacity and hence higher

throughputs possible
– Beamforming: antenna elements are used to adjust the strength of
transmitted and received signals, based on their direction
–
4G Evolution

• Historically wireless generations have been

defined in terms of air interface technology,
focusing on raw bandwidth

• As 3G demonstrates, good wireless access

technology and high raw bandwidth is no longer
sufficient for business success
4G Evolution
– ITU – “IMT-Advanced”
– LTE-Advanced as candidate for IMT-Advanced
– Expected targets
• True Mobile Broadband
• 1Gbps peak data rate for fixed services
• 100 Mbps data rate for mobile services
• Scalable channel bandwidth up to 100 MHz ((5x LTE with 20 MHz)
• High mobility to 500 km/hr
• Flat All-IP network architecture
• Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks
 3GPP- LTE-Advanced

 Latency < 5 ms (one way for individual packet trans., and <50 ms from idle to
connected, mobility: same as that of LTE
 Spectrum efficiency: DL: 30 bps/Hz, UL: 6.75 bps/Hz (3 times greater than LTE
 Cell edge user throughput to be twice that of LTE.
 Average user throughput to be 3 times that of LTE
Carrier Aggregation
MIMO
Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)
Relay Node (RN)
HetNet/Small Cells
HetNet/Small Cells (cont.)
Type of Cells
FemtoCells: Key Features
Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference
Coordination (eICIC)
CoMP with Small Cells
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)
5G Evolution
- Major milestones for the four legacy generations of cellular
communication systems
5G Evolution
– Key performance indicator for the evolution from 4G to 5G
5G Evolution
– 5G mobile wireless networks will adopt a set of new technologies to support
the increase in the volume of traffic in future wireless communications
– The key 5G considerations to provide high capacity
 Millimetre-wave communications
 Almost all current mobile sys. use spectra in range of 300MHz–3 GHz.
 Advances in current electronic fabrication allow the use of mm-wave
spectra to meet the needs of mobile subscribers and provide larger
bandwidths for 5G.
 The highest priority for further work with > 6 GHz is with frequencies
between 40 and 90 GHz.
 We refer to the 3–300 GHz spectrum collectively as mm-wave bands
with wavelengths that range from 1 to 100 mm.
 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced the
availability of the 71–76 GHz (5 GHz bandwidth), 81–86 GHz (5 GHz
bandwidth), and 92–95 GHz (3 GHz bandwidth) frequency bands,
which are collectively referred to as E-band, for ultra-high-speed data
communications, including point-to-point wireless local area networks,
mobile backhaul, and broadband Internet access
 Millimetre-wave signals cannot easily penetrate buildings;
 mm-waves that are transmitted from outdoor base stations may be
confined to streets and other outdoor structures
 Massive MIMO

 256 antennas are used in the transmitter and receiver

 compared with 4 or 8 antenna systems
 Massive MIMO systems can increase the system capacity by a factor
of 10.
 In addition, the spectral efficiency can be increased by a factor of 20
 However, the concept of massive MIMO systems is intrinsically related to
its use at high frequencies (e.g., mm-wave bands), which will decrease the
size of each of these elements
 In massive MIMO systems, the expensive and high power amplifiers that
are used in conventional systems are replaced by hundreds of low-cost
amplifiers with output powers in the milliwatt range
 Both massive MIMO systems and small cell networks (SCNs) are expected to
achieve high EE for high throughput cellular networks using several mechanisms.
 Massive MIMO improves EE by exploiting a large array gain, while SCN
improves EE by deploying numerous low-power BSs to reduce the propagation
losses and increase the opportunity of BS sleep
Thank You
Technologies & Standards

Source: Fujitsu
www.mimos.my © 2008 MIMOS Berhad. All Rights Reserved.
4G Evolution
Always Best
Connected
Evolution from GSM/GPRS 2G to 3G
‘ABC’
AMPS TDMA

NMT WCDMA
GSM GSM
GSM
GPRS GPRS
ETACS EDGE
PDC
…

cdma cdma
cdmaOne
2000 1x 2000 1xEV

1G 2G 2.5 G 3G 3 G+
Analogue 9.6 - 14.4 kbps 64-144 kbps 384 - 2 Mbps
4G Evolution
4G Evolution
4G Evolution
4G Evolution

www.mimos.my
4G Evolution

Source: Nokia
www.mimos.my
DL: 8x8
UL: 2x4
CONCLUSION
Mobile station

 Terminal for the use of GSM services

 A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional
groups
– MT (Mobile Terminal):
• offers common functions used by all services the MS offers
• corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access
• end-point of the radio interface (Um)
– TA (Terminal Adapter):
• terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
– TE (Terminal Equipment):
• peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user
• does not contain GSM specific functions
TE TA MT
– SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): Um
R S
• personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters
GPRS user data rates in kbit/s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Coding
slot slots slots slots slots slots slots slots
scheme

CS-1 9.05 18.1 27.15 36.2 45.25 54.3 63.35 72.4

CS-2 13.4 26.8 40.2 53.6 67 80.4 93.8 107.2
CS-3 15.6 31.2 46.8 62.4 78 93.6 109.2 124.8
CS-4 21.4 42.8 64.2 85.6 107 128.4 149.8 171.2
Technologies & Standards
 IMT-2000 Family
Interface
for Internetworking

IMT-2000
GSM ANSI-41
Core Network IP-Network
(MAP) (IS-634)
ITU-T

Initial UMTS Flexible assignment of

(R99 w/ FDD) Core Network and Radio Access

IMT-DS IMT-TC IMT-MC IMT-SC IMT-FT

(Direct Spread) (Time Code) (Multi Carrier) (Single Carrier) (Freq. Time)
IMT-2000
UTRA TDD
Radio Access
UTRA FDD (TD-CDMA); cdma2000 UWC-136 DECT
ITU-R
(W-CDMA) TD-SCDMA (EDGE)
3GPP 3GPP 3GPP2 UWCC/3GPP ETSI
UMTS and IMT-2000

 Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)

– UWC-136, CDMA2000, W-CDMA
– UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
 UMTS
– UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)
– enhancements of GSM
• EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbps
• CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)
• VHE (virtual Home Environment)
– fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI
– requirements
• min. 144 kbps rural (goal: 384 kbps)
• min. 384 kbps suburban (goal: 512 kbps)
• up to 2 Mbps urban
 Data Services in GSM III
 EDGE
 Enhanced Data rate for GSM (Global) Evolution.
 Enhanced Data rate for GSM Efficiency
– Advantage:
– requires relatively small changes to both hardware and software at BS
 Due to change of modulation scheme.
 Since it uses TDMA which is 200 kHz GSM carrier bandwidth
– Provides 3-fold improvement to current data rates
 All 8 time slots and 8-PSK: user data rate 547.2 kbps
 In practice; only 384 kbps are achieved.
– It is based on a major change in GSM standard to support 8-PSK
modulation (data channel) as well as existing GMSK modulation (control
channel)
– Allows for 9 different air interface formats
 Multiple modulation and coding schemes (MCS)
– Technology choice toward 3G wireless communication migration.
 Data Services in GSM III

 EDGE (Enhancement)
 EGPRS- Enhanced GPRS (packet switched) EDGE modulation
 ECSD- Enhanced HSCSD (circuit switched) EDGE modulation
 IS-136/HS (High Speed) – Enhanced GPRS architecture modified for
ANSI 136 using EDGE modulation scheme.
Frequencies for IMT-2000

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

ITU allocation
MSS MSS
(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 
IMT-2000


Europe GSM DE T UTRA MSS T UTRA MSS

D D
1800 CT D FDD   D FDD  

GSM MSS MSS

China IMT-2000 
IMT-2000

1800

Japan cdma2000 MSS cdma2000 MSS

PHS
W-CDMA  W-CDMA 

North MSS MSS

PCS 
rsv.

America

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

 SISO

Bits
channel
Bits DSP Radio Radio DSP

TX RX

Conventional “Single Input Single Output” (SISO)

systems were favored for simplicity and low-cost but
have some shortcomings:
– Outage occurs if antennas fall into null
• Switching between different antennas can help
– Energy is wasted by sending in all directions
• Can cause additional interference to others
– Sensitive to interference from all directions
– Output power limited by single power amplifier
Mobile Services Switching Center

 The MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in

GSM
– switching functions
– additional functions for mobility support
– management of network resources
– interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)
– integration of several databases
 Functions of a MSC
– specific functions for paging and call forwarding
– termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7)
– mobility specific signaling
– location registration and forwarding of location information
– provision of new services (fax, data calls)
– support of short message service (SMS)
– generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information