Education

Educational institution keeps children and

youth occupied and out of labor force. It serves
to bring about social change, provides a means
for social mobility, and conducts many
community activities for both parents and
students.
Education in the Philippines is managed
and regulated by the Department of Education
 Department of Education
• controls the Philippine education system,
including the creation and implementation of
the curriculum and the utilization of funds
allotted by the central government.
• It also manages the construction of schools,
acquisition of books and other school
materials, and recruitment of teachers and
staff.
 Formal Education
• It refers to the systematic and deliberate
process hierarchically structured and
sequential learning corresponding to the
general concept of elementary and secondary
level of schooling. At the end of each level, the
learners must obtain certification in order to
enter or advance to the next level.
Formal education shall correspond to the
following levels in education:
• Elementary Education
• Secondary Education
• Tertiary Education
 Vocational Education
Accredited private institutions offer
technical and vocational educational. Programs
offered vary in duration from a few weeks to two
years. On completion, students may take
centrally-administered examination to obtain their
diploma or certificate.
Vocational colleges don’t usually require an
entrance examination. Only a record of high
school education and enrollment fee are required.
 Non-Formal Education
Refers to any organized systematic
educational activity carried outside of the
framework of the formal system to provide
selected types of learning to a segment of the
population.
 Informal Education
A lifelong process of learning by which every
person acquires and accumulate knowledge, skills,
attitudes, and insights from daily experiences at home,
at work, at play, and from life itself. It offers alternative
learning opportunities for the out of school youth and
adults specifically those who are 15 years old and above
and unable to avail themselves of the educational
services and programs of formal education.
Its primary objectives is to provide literacy
programs to eradicate illiteracy.
 Special Education
Special education refers to the education of the person
who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially or culturally
different from s0-called “normal” individuals, such that they
require modification of school practices to develop their
potential. Special education provides distinct services,
facilities, curricula, and instructional materials geared to pupils
or students who are significantly higher or lower than the
average or norm.
Special Education (SPED) aims to develop the maximum
potential of the child with the special needs to enable him/her
to become self-reliant and take advantage of the opportunities
for a full and happy life.
Article XIV, 1987 Philippine Constitution

Sec 2 (2) of Article XIV – states that “the State

shall establish and maintain a system of free
public education in the elementary and high
school level.”
Basic Education Act (RA 9155) – encompasses
early childhood, elementary, and high school
education as well as alternative learning system
for out of school youth and adult learners and
includes education for those with special needs.
 Functions of education in a
society:
1. Giving training in specific skills or the basic
general education literacy
2. Prepare people for occupational roles
3. Preserving the culture from one generation to
the next
4. Encouraging democratic participation by
teaching verbal skills
5. Developing the person’s ability to think
rationally and independently
6. Enriching life by enabling the student to expand
his/her intellectual and aesthetic horizons
7. Improving personal adjustment through personal
counseling and such courses as applied psychology,
sex education, family living and drug abuse
8. Improving the health of the nation’s youth by
providing physical exercise and courses in hygiene
9. Producing patriotic citizens through lessons
illustrating the country’s glory
10. Building character
In a developing country such as the Philippines,
one common view on education is that it’s an
investment that affords (Filipinos) a way out of
poverty” (Valenzuela and Mendoza, 2009)
• In our schema of needs, poverty remains the
primary barrier from being able to have secure
access to the basic necessities of life such as
food, clean water and shelter.
• It is also the source of grave feeling of
insecurity for a lot of people who have no
access to safe and just livelihood
opportunities.
• Simply put, poverty prevents people from
having the capability to live the kinds of life
they reasonably value (Sen, 1999).
• In order to overcome poverty, or at the very
least ensure that their children do not become
poor, a lot of parents send their children to
school with the hopes that their education
would enable them to be gainfully employed
or to start their own businesses.
• From an economic perspective, a higher
degree of education tends, on the average, to
lead to higher incomes
• However, this homogenizing process leads to
the stifling of human individuality and turns
graduates into uncritical robots that merely
follow what is being told to them. Even in the
cases when they perceive manifest injustice,
these people maintain a culture of silence since
their mid-education teaches them the end
justifies the means.
• education also has an individuating function
whose goal is oriented towards the cultivation of
ethical reasoning on the part of the individual
Such ethical reasoning would provide the individual
with a tw0-fold capacity
(a) perceive manifest injustice on a day-to-day basis,
(b) (b) perceive the internal contradictions that
occur in society as a whole (Freire). This ethical
reasoning would in turn be the basis for
transformative action or praxis, without which,
self-actualization would be impossible.
 Maslow proposed that human motives are organized into a hierarchy of
needs- a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority in which basic needs
must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
According to Maslow, people will be frustrated if they are unable to fully
utilize their talents or pursue their true interest.
 Clayton Adelfer’s
Existence-Relatedness-Growth (ERG)
Theory of Motivation

Adelfer’s theory gives space to change the order of priorities according to

the situation at hand.
 Religion and Belief System
Religion is a social institution that answers
questions and explains the seemingly
inexplicable.. Religion provides explanation for
why things happen and demystifies the ideas of
birth and death.
 Animism
Refers to the belief in innumerable
spiritual beings concerned with human affairs
and capable of helping or harming human
interest
The belief that all objects have spirits is
animistic.
 Monotheism
refers to the belief in the existence of one
god, or in the oneness of God. It is the
uniqueness of god that counts in monotheism.
One god is not affirmed as the logical opposite
of many gods but as an expression of divine
might and power.
 Polytheism
a belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or
divinities
God refers to the Supreme Being that is above
everything else. By very definition, this requires that
it be only one being. The reasoning is that if this being
was just another of many gods, He would not be
necessarily be the highest or supreme. A polytheist
might reply that there is one highest gods. However,
this is still in contrast to the definition because the
lesser cannot be referred as “God”, simply because
they are not the Supreme Being.
 Polytheist divide their world up into a variety of
domains and assign gods to each: a god of the sea, god of
the sun and so forth. In their efforts to cover their bases,
polytheists end up with conflicting gods.
A god of war and a god of peace, a god of virginity
and a god of fertility, a god of creation and a god of
destruction. Things that might please the god of war
would upset the god of peace. Rites of fertility would be
directly opposed to rites of virginity. In short, pretty much
anything a person can do might please one god and anger
another. This may seem a recipe for chaos, but we must
remember that life, and indeed the world itself is chaotic.
There are two forms of religion:
Religion and the definition of it, and
Institutionalized Religion
 Religion is something that exists as time
exists, but when it is changed or tampered with,
separated and ripped in different directions, it
simply becomes an institution. (Humans
institutionalized things they cannot trust or do
not understand, it makes them feel as though
they are in a box, and that is it, they somehow
have control. There is up, down, and what they
can see).
Institutionalized Religion
Created and controlled by an established
organization
is formed by a sect, meaning it is not
limitless, and it is closed.
 Organized religion, also known as
institutional religion,
is a social institution in which belief
systems and rituals are systematically arranged
and formally established.
Organized religion is typically
characterized by an official doctrine (or dogma),
a hierarchical or bureaucratic leadership
structure, and a codified of rule and practices
Most of the world religion subscribe to one of
the following religions:
Christianity – the most widespread word
religion, Christianity was derived from Judaism.
It is based on the belief that Jesus Christ is the
son of God and the redeemer of mankind. There
are many different Christian denomination
Islam
followers of Islam are called Muslims.
Muslims believed that the true world of God
was the revealed to the prophet Muhammad
around 570 AD God in Islam is the same god as
the Christian and Judaic deity
Judaism
Judaism is a monotheistic religion that
predates Christianity, built on the belief that the
Israelites are “chosen people” of God.
Hinduism
is the oldest major world religion, dominant in
India.
Hindus do not worship a single person or deity but
rather are guided by a set of ancient cultural beliefs. They
believe in the principle of karma, which is the wisdom or
health of one’s eternal soul. Karma can be strengthened
with good acts and harmed by bad acts. Hindus believe
that karma plays a role in reincarnation, a cycle of
continuous rebirth through which, ideally, the soul can
achieve spiritual perfection. The state of a person’s karma
determines in what form he or she will be reborn.
Buddhism
Buddhists, most of whom live in Japan,
Thailand, Cambodia and Burma, follow the teaching
of Siddharta Gautama, a spiritual teacher of the sixth
century BCE Buddhism, like Hinduism, does not
feature any single all-powerful deity but teaches that
by eschewing materialism, one can transcend the
“illusion” of life and achieve enlightenment.
 Types of Religious Groups

There are three group categories of religious

organizations according to sociologists:
The church is religious group integrated with
society
The Sect is a religious group that set itself apart
from the society as a whole. The Amish of
Pennsylvania are classic sect. Though Christian, they
choose to see themselves apart from the rest of
society by their lifestyle, which eschews many
aspects of modernity.
 Separation of Church and State

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippine declares

“The separation of Church and State shall be
inviolable”. (Article II, Section 6).
“No law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed.
No religious test shall be required for the exercise of
civil or political rights.” (Article III, Section 5).
Article III
forbids the government from passing any law
concerning religion or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof, guarantees free exercise of religion and forbids
the use of any religious test for public office. Churches and
religious institutions are tax-exempt. No public money may
be spent in support of any religion. The teaching of
religious classes in public school is permitted with the
written consent of the parent so long as there is no cost to
the government. Religious organization register with the
Securities and Exchange Commission to apply for tax
exemption.
Article VI, section 29 (2) states “No public
money or property shall be appropriated,
applied, paid or employed, directly or indirectly,
for the use, benefit, or support of any sect,
church, denomination, sectarian institution, or
system of religion. “Since Church and State are
separate no public funds should be appropriate
for the Church or any of its activities.