Molecular Polarity

Subtitle
What is the game being shown in the pictures? Have you tried playing this
game with your friends or classmates? Can you describe each team? Who
is the team going to win?

A B
 In picture A, the two
princesses are pulling the
prince toward to them. It
shows that the prince is
equally shared to the
princesses. In covalent bond, it
would be
classified as non-polar since
the bonding electrons are
A evenly shared.
 In picture B, it clearly shows that
unbalanced number of persons in each
side. Let us say that the 2 persons is
hydrogen (H) and the 7 persons is fluorine
(F), the electrons of two bonded atoms will
not share equally. This bond is called
polar. In this case, it will form HF, fluorine
is more electronegative than H. F attracts
bonding electron pair closer to itself then
it will become polarized. As a result, F end
is partially negative and the atom of
hydrogen becomes partially positive.
B
 Molecular Polarity

The two bonding atoms with different

electronegativity values will result to have a
bond polarity. When molecules become more
complex will result to have a molecular
polarity.
The molecular polarity refers to the total of the bond
polarity of bonded molecules. In this case, first we
must have to determine if a molecule is a polar or
non-polar. A non-polar molecule is symmetric. If a
molecule is symmetric meaning all electrons are
equally shared or bonded.
For instance, methane has a chemical formula of (). It is a
tetrahedral molecule and an example of non-polar bond.
is a non-polar
Total no. of Ve- = 4 + 1(4) = 8
• 4 is the Ve- for C
• 4 is the total Ve- for H (H has 1 Ve- since there are
4 atoms of H therefore, the total Ve- for H is 4)
8–8=0
• 8 is the total Ve-
• 8 is the total electrons bonded (4 H are bonded
with 2 electrons each)
• 0 means all electrons are bonded
Bond angles of methane ()
 The polar molecule is asymmetric,
meaning the distribution of electrons in a
covalent bond is not equal. It also contains
lone pairs of electrons on the central atom or
atom is bonded with different
electronegativity values.
 Polarity is a result of uneven distribution
of charges of atoms in a molecule. Covalent
bond produces partial charges either partial
positive (δ+) and partial negative (δ-) among
atoms is called polar covalent bond. An arrow
( ↗ ) indicates direction of shared electrons are
pulled.
For example, ammonia () is a polar bond and has a
molecular shape of trigonal pyramidal.
Lone pair is a non-polar
Total no. of Ve- = 5 + 1(3) = 8
• 5 is the Ve- for N
• 3 is the total Ve- for H (H has 1 Ve- since, there
are 3 atoms of H therefore, the total Ve- for H is
3)
8-6=2
• 8 is the total Ve-
• 6 is the total electrons bonded (3 H are bonded
with 2 electrons each)
Bond angles of ammonia () • 2 is the lone pair
 Hydrobromic acid (HBr) is a polar, since bromine (Br)
has electronegativity value of 2.8 while hydrogen has 2.1
electronegativity value. Hence, Br is more electronegative
than H. Therefore, the arrow is directed to Br.
 The diatomic molecules such as
and are all non-polar. No atoms are
more electronegative than the other,
the bonding electrons are evenly
distributed.
The polar bond and non-polar bond can also
be determined through electronegativity
difference between molecules. The
electronegativity difference can be calculated
by getting the electronegativity value of the
given molecules in the periodic table of
elements.
Examples:
 Determine the type of bond exists between the paired elements.

1. N (3.0) and H (2.1) 6. H (2.1) and F (4.0)

2. H (2.1) and H (2.1) 7. H (2.1) and Cl (3.0)
3. Ca (1.0) and Cl (3.0) 8. P (2.1) and s (2.5)
4. C (2.5) and S (2.5) 9. S (2.5) and O (3.5)
5. Mg (1.2) and O (3.5) 10. Cl (3.0) and Cl (3.0)
REMEMBER!
1. In polar bond, there is an unequal sharing of electrons between and
among atoms.
2. In non-polar bond, there is an equal sharing of electrons between and
among atoms.
3. The electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract
electrons. As electronegativity increases, the attraction of the atom
for electrons increases.
4. The polarity is a result of uneven distribution of charges of atoms in
a molecule.
5. The non-bonding electrons are called lone pairs. The bonded
electrons are called bonding pairs.
6. In chemistry this symbol has a meaning of: , partially negative and
partially positive.
 Intermolecular
Forces and Its type
 Intermolecular Forces
• Are these attractive forces that
holds particle such molecules
together.
• There are four general types of
intermolecular forces:
• hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole, ion-
dipole and dispersion or London
forces.
• The dispersion force is the
weakest while ion-dipole is the
strongest among the
intermolecular forces.
1. Hydrogen Bond
• is an attractive force in polar molecules containing
hydrogen (H) atom bonded to a strongly electronegative
atom such as Fluorine (F), Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen
(N).
• The molecules which are linked by hydrogen bonds have
high boiling points since, hydrogen bonds are hard to
break.
• Examples of polar molecules with hydrogen bond are
water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3).
 2. Dipole- Dipole Force
• is an interaction between polar molecules. A dipole is
two charges separated by a distance. Therefore, dipole-
dipole force is a result of molecules with positive end in
one side and negative end on the other side. The dipole-
dipole force can have along range of interaction and can
be strong, if the dipole moment is high. If this is the
case, the dipole moment between molecules is also high.
• Example, F-Se: F(4.)--Se (2.4) has electronegativity
difference of 1.6 therefore it is polar.
F—Se-------F—Se
 3. Ion-Dipole Force
• is an attractive force between ionic molecules and polar
molecules. The cation or the positive ion attracts the
negative end of a neutral polar molecule. For instance,
the potassium chloride (KCl) dissolves in water (H2O), a
polar molecule. The positive charge (cation) of KCl
(K+ , Cl-) will be separated then it will attract the
opposite charged, in this case the water molecule.
 4. Dispersion Force or London Force
• was named after to Fritz Wolfgang London, a German
Physicist and Professor at Duke University. He provided
a significant interpretation for the existence of
temporary dipoles. The dispersion force or London force
is a result of interaction between non-polar molecules.
This force of attraction is considered as the weakest kind
of intermolecular forces. For example, London force
between the molecules of .
Br—Br-------Br—Br
 Biological
Macromolecules
 Biological macromolecules
• are made up made of monomers that are combined
through covalent bonds to form large polymers.
• A monomer is a small building block molecule. It
is literally means “single unit”. On the other hand,
when molecules formed by joining two or more
monomers are called polymer which literally
means “many units”.
Dehydration or Condensation Reactions
occur when a monomer combined with another
monomer releasing a water molecule leading to
the formation of covalent bond.

Hydrolysis Reactions
take place when polymers are broken down into
single monomer in which the water molecules
used to break the bond in this reaction.
Four Groups of Biological Macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Nucleic Acid

4. Protiens
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon (C),
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms with a ratio of
1:2:1. Some examples of carbohydrates are glucose,
starch and cellulose. Majority of the organisms defend
on carbohydrates as main source of energy.
 Glucose is the common type of simple carbohydrates
with a molecular formula of (C6H12O6). Starch and
Cellulose are large complex molecules of carbohydrates.
Classifi cations of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides also known as simple sugars, consist of one sugar molecule. They
are considered as the building block of carbohydrates.
2. Disaccharides are made up of two covalently bonded monosaccharides. Sucrose or
table sugar is composed of glucose and fructose. It is commonly found in sugar cane.
3. Oligosaccharides are formed of carbohydrates that consist of three to ten simple
sugars. Most of oligosaccharides are naturally found in plants.
4. Polysaccharides are complex formed of biological macromolecules which are
composed of more than ten, hundreds or thousands of the same or different types of
simple sugars. The straight or branched chain of polysaccharides is linked by
glycosidic bond.
Lipids
are composed primarily of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and
oxygen (O) but the oxygen is less than in carbohydrates.
Lipids are formed when glycerol molecules joined with
compound fatty acids.
Examples of lipids include, fats, oils, waxes, steroid,
phospholipids and cholesterol.
Nucleic Acid
are biological macromolecules containing mainly carbon
(C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and
phosphorous (P). Nucleic acids are made up of large
single or double stranded chains of nucleotides. Nucleic
acids can be found in lemons, orange juice, fish and corn
as well as in all living things in their DNA and RNA.
Two Types of Nucleic Acids
1.RNA or Ribonucleic Acid – are nucleic acids
containing ribose sugar and responsible in making
proteins.
2.DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid - contain
deoxyribose sugar. Our genes are made of
deoxyribonucleic acids.
Title Slide 4
Lo r em i p s u m d o l o r s i t amet , co n s ect et u er
ad i p i s ci n g el i t .

Maecen as p o r t t i t o r co n g u e mas s a. F u s ce
p o s u er e, mag n a s ed p u l v i n ar u l t r i ci es , p u r u s
l ect u s mal es u ad a l i b er o , s i t amet co mmo d o
mag n a er o s q u i s u r n a.
Title Slide 5

SUBTITLE A SUBTITLE B

• Lo r em i p s u m d o l o r s i t amet , • Lo r em i p s u m d o l o r s i t amet ,
co n s ect et u er ad i p i s ci n g el i t . co n s ect et u er ad i p i s ci n g el i t .

• Maecen as p o r t t i t o r co n g u e mas s a. • Maecen as p o r t t i t o r co n g u e mas s a.

F u s ce p o s u er e, mag n a s ed p u l v i n ar F u s ce p o s u er e, mag n a s ed p u l v i n ar
u l t r i ci es , p u r u s l ect u s mal es u ad a u l t r i ci es , p u r u s l ect u s mal es u ad a
l i b er o , s i t amet co mmo d o mag n a er o s l i b er o , s i t amet co mmo d o mag n a er o s
q u i s u r n a. q u i s u r n a.
Title Slide 6

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