Dynamic rating of OHL

Jiří Velek
Head of Department
Technical Strategy

ENTSO-E Academy WS DR, April 2015

Contents

 A Little Theory
 Measurement Technology
 Data Collection and Interpretation
 Ampacity Calculation for OHL
 Substation Ampacity
 Conclusion
Why is conductor loading so important?

Sag

Clearance to ground

• Danger for people and facilities below line conductors

• Crossings with other lines, roads, railways……
• Agricultural activities…
Sag ?
• mechanical tension – adjusted to design calculation
• conductor length increases with own mass, supplementary load (ice)
• conductor length varies with temperature (losses, ambient, solar
radiation, wind)
• Line designed for allowed sag at worst climatic conditions and
nominal current (load) - conductor temp. = 80°C
• Small change in length – big change in sag !!!
• Sag changes with conductor temperature (length) !!

How much can the line be loaded without exceeding sag ??

Climatic
conditions
Conductor
Sag temperature Electrical Load
80°C max

Mechanical Supplementary load

tension (Ice)
Conductor Clearance to
properties ground !!!
Critical: cond. temperature, ice load
What affects the conductor temperature?

• Warming caused by electrical load – electrical losses

• Warming by solar radiation
• Warming / cooling by ambient temperature
• Cooling by wind(wind velocity and direction)

Q= f (i load [A] , solar radiation[W/m2], wind velocity

[m/s], wind direction[deg.], Qamb. )
Sensitivity Analysis– what has the most significant impact on
the conductor temperature

Hazardous conditions – high summer temperatures, high

load, low wind
OHL operation ?
Load difference in summer / winter seasons

The ambient temperature difference offers a chance to load the

lines more during winter time than in summer.

How much can I really load the line? According to the real
conductor temperature < = 80°C

Need to know the real conductor temperature !!

Possibilities ?

Measure
Calculate

Aim :
Define rules for network dispatchers who need to know the
maximum permitted load (ampacity) of OHL in dependence on
actual weather conditions.
What have we done at ČEPS?
1. We have installed temperature measurement
systems onto some OHL (cross-border)
interconnectors.

Nošovice - Wielopole (PL) -> Ritherm (Doble Lemke, RIBE),

Valcap (NKT)
Hradec – Etzenricht (D) -> Ritherm (Doble Lemke, RIBE)

2. We have installed weather stations onto the

same towers to measure actual weather
conditions.

3. We collect data 2010 - 2014

4. We interpret data 2010 - 2014

Contents

 A Little Theory
 Measurement Technology
 Data Collection and Interpretation
 Ampacity Calculation for OHL
 Substation Ampacity
 Conclusion
Weather Station: Nošovice - Wielopole
Tower platform – weather data
Ritherm
(Doble-Lemke, RIBE)
Valcap (nkt Germany)
Nošovice - Wielopole
Elektrosystem (SK)
Výškov – Čechy Střed
Scandianvian System

868 MHz
100m
10yrs
Contents

 A Little Theory
 Measurement Technology
 Data Collection and Interpretation
 Ampacity Calculation for OHL
 Substation Ampacity
 Conclusion
Measured Data – Summer 2010
• Wind velocity and direction (m/s, °)
• Ambient Temperature (°C)
• Load (A)
• Solar radiation (W/m2)
• Conductor temperature measured (°C)
• Conductor temperature calculated (°C)
Data Interpretation
Measurement set up, data logging system: Jan.-April 2010

Data collection May- September 2010

Measurement X Calculation ?

Red – masured values

Brown – calculated values
Wind Statistics (how often low winds?)
• Occurrence frequency
• Total hazardous time
• Longest occurrence duration (conductor time constant)
Temperature / Wind Statistics

min over 35°C, June 2010

140
125
120

100

80 V245
V444S13
V441
60
V210
2 occurrences.,
max.12 min 42 V444S56
40
26
20 16 16
7
2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
<0,3m/s <0,5m/s <1m/s celkem
Contents

 A Little Theory
 Measurement Technology
 Data Collection and Interpretation
 Ampacity Calculation for OHL
 Substation Ampacity
 Conclusion
Definition of Ampacity
Plotting measured values brings very volatile results !!!

1) Dynamic Ampacity (very volatile values)

Calculated load current which heats the defined conductor to its
maximum permitted temperature (usually 80°C) at actual
climatic (weather) conditions

Need for simplification, smoothing, reduction in measurement

2) Statistical Ampacity (relatively static values)

Calculated load current which would heat the defined conductor
to its maximum permitted temperature (usually 80°C) at
statistically selected (worst) climatic (weather) conditions and
at measured ambient temperature.

Statistical Ampacity < Dynamic Ampacity (safety margin)

Typical Shapes of Dynamic and
Statistical Ampacities
opposite calculation: I = f(climate, 80°C) – red curve

Ambient
temp.

Dynamic
Ampacity

Statistical
Ampacity
 Safe Limits for Statistical Ampacity

Wind velocity: 0,5m/s – constant, parametric – no need to measure

Wind direction: 45° - constant - no need to measure

Solar radiation: at day 100% (winter – 400W/m2, summer 1000 W/m2)

at night 0%
incremental onset and offset (morning/evening)
no need to measure
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ambient temp: to be measured (°C)

Max conductor temperature: 80°C – parametric

Conductor properties: acc. to data sheet

What Next ? – Calculation of Statistical
Ampacities Based on Temperatures
Measured by CHMU (Czech Weather Service)

Meteo ČHMÚ
Co-operation with the State Weather
Service (ČHMÚ)

 ČHMÚ operates a network of some 150 + 30 weather

stations across Czech Republic and is capable of
calculating the measured values to the defined place
(co-ordinates) and altitude (OHL conductors).

 We have prepared a list of co-ordinates for towers of

selected OHLs and receive every hour a set of ambient
temperatures at the defined spots.

 Based on these temperatures and the used conductor

characteristics we calculate the statistical ampacity in
every span.

 The minimum ampacity across the line is then copied as

the ampacity limit of the OHL.
Ambient
temperatures and
ampacities V444
Ampacity of Slavětice-Dürnrohr OHL
in summer 2013

Dynamic Statistical Ampacity

Static Ampacity (2250A)

TENV
50 lines (capable of operation at 80°C) could
be loaded dynamically as of 1.1.2014
Contents

 A Little Theory
 Measurement Technology
 Data Collection and Interpretation
 Ampacity Calculation for OHL
 Substation Ampacity
 Conclusion
Transmission System is not
only lines !!!!
 Dynamic loading of substations

TR 1 TR 2

i
line

Bus-bars, Wiring Dynamic ampacity based on temperature

Instruments Static fixed ampacity based on rated values

Overhead Line Dynamic ampacity based on temperature

Bus-bars and bay wiring
Same procedure as for OHL.

1) Weather stations installed at two S/S - Hradec and Slavětice.

2) Conductor temperature measurement installed onto bus-bars
(OTLM - Slovenia)
Bus-bars: Slavětice
Bus-bars and bay wiring
3) Algorithm for conductor temp. calculation prepared -
(double/bundle conductor)
4) Conductor temperature calculated and measured
5) Results compared – spring – summer
Bus-bars (wires, pipes)
 For wired bus-bars we have accepted the same
principle as for OHL to calculate their dynamic
ampacities.
 For pipe bus-bars we proved there is sufficient
current reserve to cover dynamic loading. Pipe
connecting clamps – OK
Disconnectors

Current leading parts of disconnectors have been

replaced to 3150A static rating.

Current transformers

Usually used CT’s nominal rating is 1600/1 A

overloading factor 1,5 (2400A max).
Where necessary, they needed to be replaced by
overloading factor 2 (3200A)
Circuit breakers
Typical 400kV CB / rated current 3150A. If not
enough, needs to be replaced.

Secondary systems - protections, controls

Adjustments or new protection settings needed to be

made in some places. Control systems – new cards
installed to be able to measure higher currents.

Metering systems

Where necessary new meters with higher overload

factors have been installed.
Ampacity calculation – s/s – line – s/s

1 + 2 – main part

3 – feeder part

5 – auxiliary part

Conductor DYNAMIC
Ampacity (Techsight)

Instruments STATIC
Ampacity (E-sada)
Dynamic values (Techsight SW)

13
. 20
. 11
30
, T:
ed
m m
gr a
pr o
ing
be
ntly
rr e
Cu
Static ampacity values at E-sada SW
Circuit topology needed for final ampacity
calculation.

Status of CBs, disconnectors ?

Main / Auxiliary bus-bar operation?

SCADA
Contents

 A Little Theory
 Measurement Technology
 Data Collection and Interpretation
 Ampacity Calculation for OHL
 Substation Ampacity
 Conclusion
Final Dynamic Ampacity
CB’s,
Conductors, disconnectors,
bus-bars CT’s The substation-line-substation
chain ampacity takes into
Dynamic Static
account the configuration of
Ampacitiy Ampacity the bay (bay parts involved in
power transfer)

SCADA - The final ampacity is calculated as a minimum of all

ampacities involved (bay – OHL – bay)
Substation-line-substation chain
ampacity
minimum ampacity = minimal value of both bays and the
interconnecting line

Moves up and down in dependence of season

Daily changes depending on day/night temperatures
Thank you.
Any questions or comments?

Jiří Velek

ČEPS, a.s
Elektrárenská 774/2
Praha 10

velek@ceps.cz

www.ceps.cz