MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

WEEK-1

1.Midterm: %30
2. Midterm:%30
Final: %50
𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 𝑮𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑨𝑳 𝑳𝑶𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑫𝑰𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
 Most structural members and machine components are under more involved loading conditions in the three dimension.

Section cut parallel to yz plane

 x is used to indicate that the forces acting on a surface perpendicular to the x axis.
 Second letter identifes the direction of the stress.
𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 𝑮𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑨𝑳 𝑳𝑶𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑫𝑰𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵

Stresses in the xz plane Foces acting on the faces of the cube

Stresses in the yz plane

Stresses in the xy plane

 Let’s examine the equilibrium in the xy plane.

𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 𝑮𝑬𝑵𝑬𝑹𝑨𝑳 𝑳𝑶𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑫𝑰𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
From the equilibrium of the moment: Similarly, we can obtain following equations

 Only six stress components are required to define the condition of stress at a given point Q:
 STRESS AND STRAIN
•UNIT 2 AXIAL LOADING
𝑵𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑨𝑳 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 𝑨𝑿𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑳𝑶𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑵𝑮

𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒉𝒕=𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏

𝛿(𝑚𝑚) 𝛿(𝑚𝑚)
𝜖= 𝜖 (% )= 𝑥 100
𝐿(𝑚𝑚) 𝐿(𝑚𝑚)
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝛿=𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺− 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑴
𝑇 h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐h𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 .
 To obtain the stress-strain diagram of a material, one usually conducts a tensile test on a specimen of the material.

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

𝛿
𝜖=
 Tensile tests conducted on the same material may yield different results, 𝐿
depending upon the temperature of the specimen and the speed of loading.
𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺− 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑴
Necking Rupture
Low carbon steel (Ductile)

Due to excessive
dislocations

We note that rupture occurs along a cone-shaped surface that forms an angle of approximately 45o with the original surface
of the specimen. This indicates that shear is primarily responsible for the failure of ductile materials, and confirms the fact
that, under an axial load, shearing stresses are largest on surfaces forming an angle of 45 o with the load.
𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺− 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑴

Aluminum alloy (Ductile)

Determination of yield strength by offset method
𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺− 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑴

(Brittle material)

 For brittle materials, there is no difference between the ultimate strength and the breaking strength.
 The strain at the time of rupture is much smaller for brittle than for ductile materials.
 Normal stresses are primarily responsible for the failure of brittle materials.
𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺− 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑴

Determination of yield strength by offset method

 The the higher ductility the material has, the lower the yield strength.
𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺− 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑴 𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 𝑪𝑶𝑴𝑷𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑰𝑶𝑵
Tension and compression tests of concrete Behavior of ductile material under compression
 The stress-strain curve obtained from the compression test
would be essentially the same through its initial straight-line
portion and through the beginning of the portion
corresponding to yield and strain-hardening.
 For larger values of the strain, the tension and compression
stress-strain curves diverge, and it should be noted that
necking cannot occur in compression

 For most brittle materials, one finds that the ultimate

strength in compression is much larger than the
ultimate strength in tension. This is due to the
presence of flaws, such as microscopic cracks or
cavities, which tend to weaken the material in
tension, while not appreciably affecting its
resistance to compressive failure.
𝑻𝑹𝑼𝑬 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺 −𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑴
Low carbon steel (Ductile) Aluminum alloy (Ductile)

True stress-strain curve

 The cross-sectional area of the specimen decreases as P

increases
 The true stress is obtained by dividing the load to the
actual cross sectional area.
𝑻𝑹𝑼𝑬 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺 −𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵

𝑻𝑹𝑼𝑬 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺 𝑻𝑹𝑼𝑬 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

𝑬𝑵𝑮𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺 𝑬𝑵𝑮𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑰𝑵

𝑃 ∆𝐿
𝜎= 𝜖=
𝐴0 𝐿0
𝑯𝑶𝑶𝑲𝑬 ’ 𝑺 𝑳𝑨𝑾 ; 𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑼𝑳𝑼𝑺𝑶𝑭 𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪𝑰𝑻𝒀
 For the linear portion of the diagram, the stress is directly proportional to the strain.

 Steels having different

compositions have same stiffness
but different load bearing capacity.

𝜎 =𝐸 𝜖  Heat treatment also increaseas the

load bearing capacity of the steels.

𝐸=𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Stress-strain diagrams for iron and

different grades of steel
𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑽𝑬𝑹𝑺𝑼𝑺 𝑷𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑩𝑬𝑯𝑨𝑽𝑰𝑶𝑹 𝑶𝑭 𝑨 𝑴𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑳

 When the load is removed after the yield

point the stress-strain curve decreaseas
along a line parallel to linear portion AB.
 In this case, permament deformation
occurs
 When the load is removed in elastic
region no plastic deformation
(permanent deformation) occurs
Permanent deformation
𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑽𝑬𝑹𝑺𝑼𝑺 𝑷𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑩𝑬𝑯𝑨𝑽𝑰𝑶𝑹 𝑶𝑭 𝑨 𝑴𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑳

 If, after being loaded and unloaded, the test specimen is loaded again, the
new loading curve will closely follow the earlier unloading curve until it
almost reaches point C;
 We should note that elastic limit have increased as a result of the strain-
hardening that occurred during the earlier loading of the specimen
𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑽𝑬𝑹𝑺𝑼𝑺 𝑷𝑳𝑨𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑪 𝑩𝑬𝑯𝑨𝑽𝑰𝑶𝑹 𝑶𝑭 𝑨 𝑴𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑳

 If, after being loaded and unloaded, the test specimen is loaded again, the
new loading curve will closely follow the earlier unloading curve until it
almost reaches point C;
 We should note that elastic limit have increased as a result of the strain-
hardening that occurred during the earlier loading of the specimen