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Topic 4 - Sampling Techniques
Topic 4 - Sampling Techniques
SAMPLING
Damian Jeremia,
OUTLINE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PURPOSE OF SAMPLING
SAMPLING METHODS
BIAS IN SAMPLING
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
STUDY POPULATION
A specified group of persons or things
to be studied. e.g. people, schools,
households, etc.
SAMPLE
A subset of a population whose
properties are to be generalized to the
whole population
DEFINITIONS – cont.
SAMPLING
The process of selecting study units
from a population
SAMPLING UNIT
The unit of selection in the sampling
process, e.g. person, a school, a
household, etc.
Study population
Sample
Sampling
Sampling: A Pictorial View
Sampled
(Study)
Population Sample
Target Population
SAMPLING INTERVAL
An interval at which units are picked
from a sampling frame when systematic
sampling is done.
What makes a "good"
sample?
A RUSsIaN sample:
◦ Representative
◦ Unbiased
◦ Sampling Error can be quantified
◦ Maximum Information for minimum cost
◦ Non-sampling error is corrected for as
much as possible.
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What makes a "good"
sample?
When using qualitative research
approaches, however,
representativeness of the sample is
NOT a primary concern
Key respondents should never be
chosen at random, but purposively
from among those who have the best
possible knowledge, experience or
overview with respect to topic of your
study.
10
WHY SAMPLING?
Sampling is necessary when the study
population is very big and the resources are
not adequate to reach everyone in the
population.
Probability methods
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multi-stage sampling
Non- probability methods
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
The study units available at the time of
data collection are selected and studied.
ETHICS
Discuss all possible biases in the study
Sampling Error
No sample is the exact mirror image of the
population
Magnitude of error can be measured in probability
samples
Expressed by standard error (SE), e
◦ of mean, proportion, differences, etc (e.g. SE of p)
n p (1 p )
e 1
N n
Finite Population
Correction Factor
27
Sampling Error
Generally, the standard error is a
function of
◦ sample size, n
◦ amount of variability in measuring factor
of interest
Usually, with large study populations,
N, the finite population correction
(fpc) factor can be ignored
28
Non-Sampling Error
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END OF SAMPLING
METHODS
ANY QUESTIONS?
Next lecture on….
Hypothesis testing