KAJIAN KEEKONOMIAN USAHA KONTRAKTOR TAMBANG BATUBARA DENGAN

SHOVEL TRUCK
TAHAPAN USAHA TAMBANG

EKSPLORASI

STUDI
AMDAL
KELAYAKAN

TDK
ARSIP LAYAK

YA

DEVELOPMENT

EKSPLOITASI
 MINING FLOW PIT to PORT
Waste Dumping Top Soil Spreading
Re-vegetation

Top Soil Land Clearing

& Stripping Overburden Drilling & ( ROM)
Blasting
• Overburden
Coal Winning
Stripping

Coal Crushing

35 Km
Coal Transport
To Port Stockyard

Shipping Mine Stockyard

Oversea Conveyor2,5 Km
Overland Conveyor 4 Km
Coal Haul Road
Maintenance
Port Stockyard

4
 LANDCLEARING DAN TOPSOIL REMOVAL

Original
Area

Land Clearing

Topsoil Removal

Topsoil
Disposal
 OVERBURDEN REMOVAL
DRILLING

RIPPING

LOADING

DOZING
BLASTING
OB
HAULING

SUPPORT

GRADER

DUMPING DISPOSAL

WATER TRUCK
 COAL
HANDLING

COAL
LOADING

COAL
HAULING

TRUCK
ROM
SCALE
STOCKPILE

COAL WINNING

CRUSHER
HOPPER

CRUSHING
PLANT
 LOADING BARGING TO
TO BARGE OVERSEAS

TRANSHIPMENT
RESIKO DALAM USAHA TAMBANG :
 RESIKO KECELAKAAN

kebakaran Faktor-Faktor Risiko:

- Fatigue / letih
- Tidak cakap
- Alat tdk safety
Tenggelam - SOP dilanggar
- Fasilitas tdk memadai

Tabrakan

Slip /Tergelincir

Slip /Tergelincir
 RESIKO KECELAKAAN

Tabrakan & kebakaran Longsor

Stockpile terbakar

Tenggelam Stacker colaps Tabrakan kapal

 II. JENIS PERALATAN TAMBANG
(Equipment Type)

Drilling Machine
Bulldozers
Hydraulic Excavators
Backhoe
Shovel
Wheel Loader
Dump Truck :
Rigid DumpTruck
Articulated Dump Truck
Motor Grader
Compactor
.
SIFAT MATERIAL

BANK LOOSE
COMPACTED
CONVERSION FACTOR OF MATERIAL
 CLAY SAND
COAL
Fe-ORE
 PRODUKTIVITAS ALAT
• Fungsi dari :
• Kapasitas Alat (Machine)
• Cycle time (Machine)
• Sifat material (kekerasan, berat jenis) (Material)
• Kondisi lapangan (Environment)
• Skill operator (Manpower)
 PRODUKTIVITAS ALAT MUAT

Prod’tas = C x bf x 3600 x je
cm

C = kapasitas bucket (m3)

bf = bucket factor
je = job effisiensi
cm = cycle time (detik)
 CONTOH :
C = 14 m3
bf = 1.0
cm = 26 detik
Je = 0.75

Produktivitas = 14 x 1.0 x 3600 x 0.75

26
= 1,453.8 lcm/jam : 1.25

= 1,163 bcm/jam
 PRODUKTIVITAS ALAT ANGKUT
• Produkttivitas = C x 60 x je
cmt

cmt = (n x cm) + d/v1 + t1 + d/v2 +t2

n = jumlah mangkok muatan untuk isi bak truck

cm = cycle time alat muat
d = jarak angkut
v1 = kecepatan dalam keadaan bermuatan
v2 = kecepatan dalam keadaan kosong
t1 = dumping time
t2 = positioning time
 CONTOH
Dumptruck kapasitas angkut 91 ton (vessel = 60 m3); alat muat berkapasitas 12.5 cum.
Berat jenis tanah = 1.60 ton/m3. Jarak angkut = 1.5 km

Kapasitas DT = 91 / 1.6 = 56.9 m3 ----- C = 56.9 m3

-- n = 56.9 / 12.5 = 4.5 = 5 x
cm = 25”

cmt = ( 5 x 25” ) + 1.50 / 22 + 30” + 1.50 / 27 + 60” = 11.01 menit

Prod’tas = 56.9 m3 x 60 X 0.75 lcm / jam

11.01

= 232.56 lcm/jam

= 186.04 bcm/jam.
 PERFORMANCE ALAT

AVAILABILITY HYRARCHY

S
Standby
R
Repair

Working

(W + S) W Production
PA = UA = Prod’ty =
(W + R + S) (W + S) W
 DEFINITION
W = Working
R = Repair
S = Standby

MOHH = Machine On Hand Hours = W + R + S

PA = Physical of Availability (Availability)

UA = Use of Availability (Utilization)

Running Equipment = Jumlah alat yang sedang beroperasi di lapangan

Active Equipment = Running Equipment + Maintained Equipment
 PA dan UA
Contoh :
Alat angkut HD785 , PA = 85%
Available hrs = 85% x 366*24 = 7,466 jam
Lost time :
hujan 1,087 jam
licin 275 jam
libur 120 jam
makan 270 jam
moving 90 jam

Total (S) 1,842 jam

Working hours 5,624 jam

UA = 5,624 / 7,466 = 75.30%

Production = N x MOHH x Prod’ty x P A x U A

Production x (W + S) x W
Production = N x (W + R + S) x
W (W + R + S) (W + S)

N = Production = Production x 1 x 1
Prod’ty xMOHH x UA x PA Prod’ty MOHH x UA PA

= W x 1 x 1
MOHH x UA PA

W x 1
MOHH x UA PA

= Running Eq.
PA

N Active = Running Equipment

PA *MOHH=Machine On Hand Hours
 CONTOH HITUNG KEBUTUHAN ALAT
DISTRICT A
Production in June : 1,000,000 Bcm
MOHH : 30 day x 24 hours = 720 hours
HD 785 Pro’ty : 100 Bcm/hour
UA : 70 %
PA : 85 %

CALCULATION
1,000,000 Bcm
W= 100 Bcm/Hr
= 10,000 hrs

10,000 hr
Running Eq. = 720 hr x 70%
= 19,84

19,84
Active Eq. = 85%
= 23,34  24

RE-CHECK

PRODUCTION = 23 x 720 x 100 x 85% x 70% = 983,320 Bcm

PRODUCTION = 24 x 720 x 100 x 85% x 70% = 1,028,160 Bcm
Pemilihan type dan kapasitas peralatan tambang yang
digunakan :

Sifat Fisik Batuan

- daya dukung batuan (bearing capacity)
- berat jenis (density)
- kekerasan batuan
Topografi Area
Ketebalan batubara (coal thickness)
Tingkat produksi
 PIT
Warehouse

Office

Workshop

Base Camp

HA
UL
ING

PORT

Biaya Tambang
Tunnel
(THE FUTURE)
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
OPERATING EXPENSES
 PA dan UA
Contoh :
Alat angkut HD785 , PA = 85%
Available hrs = 85% x 366*24 = 7,466 jam
Lost time :
hujan 1,087 jam
licin 275 jam
libur 120 jam
makan 270 jam
moving 90 jam

Total (S) 1,842 jam

Working hours 5,624 jam

UA = 5,624 / 7,466 = 75.30%

 Break Even Stripping Ratio (BESR)
Adalah batas terbesar Stripping Ratio yang menyebabkan
“profit margin” = 0%.

BESR = (comm.price - comm.winning cost) / OB removal cost

Comm.price = harga komoditas per TON

Comm.winning cost = biaya pengambilan dan penanganan komoditas per TON
OB removal cost = biaya pengupasan tanah penutup per BCM
 Contoh Perhitungan BESR :
Comm.price = 35 USD/tonne (free on barge)
Comm.winning cost = 18 USD/tonne
OB removal cost = 2.2 USD/bcm

>> BESR = (35 – 18) / 2.2 = 7.73 bcm/tonne

Profit margin = 35 – (7.73 x 2.2) – 18 = 0

Comm.price = 30 USD/tonne (free on barge)

Comm.winning cost = 18 USD/tonne
OB removal cost = 2.2 USD/bcm

>> BESR = (30 – 18) / 2.2 = 5.45 bcm/tonne

Profit margin = 30 – (5.45 x 2.2) – 18 = 0

 PROYEK LAYAK SECARA
EKONOMIS

Earning After Tax >>>> 10%

Net Present Value >> 0

Internal Rate of Return >>>> MIRR

 MIRR (= Minimum Internal Rate of
Return) ----- hurdle rate
• Inflation Rate 2.5%
• Term of payment 0.6%
• Geological Risk 9.0%

» MIRR = 12.1%
 Biaya aktivitas tambang :
(contoh)

. Land Clearing 800 usd / ha

.. Overburden Removal 2.20 usd / bcm (d = 2.0 km)
. Coal Winning 1.85 usd / tonne (d = 3.0 km)
. Coal Transporting 3.50 usd / tonne (d = 40 km)
. Coal processing and handling 3.00 usd / tonne
. Coal barging 3.35 usd / tonne
. Surveying Cost 0.08 usd / tonne
.
 Biaya aktivitas tambang :
(contoh)

. Land Clearing depends on total area (………… x 800 usd/ha)

. Overburden Removal (S/R = 6) = 6 x 2.20 usd / bcm = 13.20 usd/tonne
. Coal Winning = 1.85 usd/tonne
. Coal Transporting = 3.50 usd / tonne
. Coal processing and handling = 3.00 usd / tonne
. Coal barging = 3.35 usd / tonne
. Surveying Cost = 0.08 usd / tonne
________________

TOTAL = 24.98 usd /

tonne
NOTES : excluded. royalty to GVT, GEA etc.
BESR =