Chemical Reactions

Used in Titrimetry
Chapter 3.2
 STANDARDIZATION
• determination of N or M of solution
• accomplished by the use of another
standard solution known as
SECONDARY STANDARD or by the
use of known purity substance as
PRIMARY STANDARD
Standard Solutions Primary Standard Indicator

NaOH KHP/ Sulfamic Acid Phenolphthalein

HCl Sodium Carbonate Phenolphthalein

Silver Nitrate NaCl Potassium Chromate

EDTA Calcium Carbonate Hydroxynaphthol

KMnO4 Sodium Oxalate

Iodine As2O3 Starch

Sodium Methoxide Benzoic Acid Thymol Blue

Ceric Sulfate As2O3 Orthophenanthroline

Karl Fischer Reagent Sodium Tartrate

 Secondary
Indicator
Standard
HCl NaOH Phth

NH4SCN AgNO3 Ferric Alum

Na2S2O3 Iodine Starch

 TITER
• the weight of substance
chemically equivalent to 1 mL of
standard solution
• express in mg/mL
• Titer = N x mEq. wt.
 Volumetric Apparatus
2 Types:
• To deliver - Burets, Pipets
• To contain - Volumetric Flask,
Graduated Cylinder
 BURETS
• graduated glass tubes of uniform
bore throughout the whole length
• closed at the bottom by glass or
stopcock
• read at lower meniscus (for clear
solutions)
 Types of Burets
• MOHR - for bases; a length of
tubing connects a separate tip;
economical
• GEISSLER - built in stopcock;
expensive but more accurate
 Types of Titration
• Direct Titration - one titrant
used, one volumetric solution
• Residual Titration - two
titrants, two volumetric
solutions
 Residual Titration
• 1st VS - added in excess
• 2nd VS - used to titrate the
excess
• used whenever the direct titration
is not practicable
• for compounds which react too
slowly with the titrant and with
poor solubility
• used if volatile substances are
involved
 Blank Determination
• process of repeating the
procedure but omitting the
sample
Chemical Reactions
Used in Titrimetry
 Four Types
• Neutralization
• Precipitation
• Oxidation-Reduction
• Complexation
 4 Requirements must be met if
the reaction is to be used:
• The reactions must proceed to completion.
• The reaction must proceed in a
stoichiometric manner.
• A suitable endpoint detecting device
(indicators, electrode) is available.
• For direct titration, the reaction must be
rapid so a sharp endpoint is achieved.
NEUTRALIZATION
• a chemical process in which an
acid reacts with a base
• Ex: HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O
• Products: Water and Salt
 INDICATORS
• are complex organic compounds
used to:
- determine the end point
- determine the pH
- indicate that a desired change in
pH has been effected
 Commonly Used pH Indicators
Indicator pH Range Acid Base
Malachite Green 0 - 2.0 Yellow Green
Methyl Yellow 2.9 - 4.0 Red Yellow
Bromophenol Blue 3.0 - 4.6 Yellow Blue
Methyl Orange 3.2 - 4.4 Pink Yellow
Bromocresol Green 4.0 - 5.4 Yellow Blue
Methyl Red 4.2 - 6.2 Red Yellow
Bromocresol Purple 5.2 - 6.8 Yellow Purple
Bromothymol Blue 6.0 - 7.6 Yellow Blue
Phenol Red 6.8 - 8.2 Yellow Red
 Indicator pH Range Acid Base

Cresol Red 7.2 - 8.8 Yellow Red

Thymol Blue 8.0 - 9.2 Yellow Blue

Phenolphthalein 8.0 - 10.0 Colorless Red

Thymolphthalein 9.3 - 10.5 Colorless Blue

 Rules for the Use of Indicators
• Use 3 drops of indicator TS unlesss
otherwise directed
• Strong Acid + Strong Base - use MO, MR,
PHP
• Strong Acid + Weak Base - use MR
• Weak Acid + Strong Base - use PHP
• Weak Acid + Weak Base - no indicator,
never been titrated
 Examples
• Strong Acid - HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4
• Strong Base - NaOH, KOH
• Weak Acid - Acetic Acid, Oxalic Acid
• Weak Base - NH3, Alanine (C3H5O2NH2),
Methylamine (CH3NH2), Pyridine (C5H5N)
Thank You

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