• Gasoline injection fundamentals

• Gasoline injection classifications

• Throttle body and multiport injection
• Gasoline injection controls
• Electronic fuel injection
• Engine sensors
 Uses pressure from an electric fuel pump to
spray fuel into the engine’s intake manifold

• Provides the engine with the correct air-fuel

mixture for specific operating conditions

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Advantages of EFI over carburetor

• Improved atomization
• Better fuel distribution
• Smoother idle
• Improved fuel economy
• Lower emissions
• Better cold-weather drivability
• Increased engine power
• Simpler
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Atmospheric Pressure
• Formed by the air surrounding the earth
• At sea level, the atmosphere exerts 14.7 psi
(103 kPa)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Vacuum

• Lower than atmospheric pressure

• Less than 14.7 psi (103 kPa) at sea level
• Sometimes called suction

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Differences in Pressure Cause Flow
• An engine uses differences in pressure to force
fuel and air into its cylinders
• The engine acts as a vacuum pump, producing
low pressure, or vacuum, in the intake manifold.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Intake Manifold Vacuum

Closed throttle, Open throttle,

high vacuum reduced vacuum
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Engine Throttle Valve

• Controls airflow
and gasoline engine
power output
• When opened,
airflow, fuel flow,
and power increase

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Drive-by-Wire System
• Uses a pedal sensor, control module and an
actuator to operate the throttle valve on a
gasoline engine
• When the pedal is pressed, it moves a
variable resistor
• Control module senses pedal position by
measuring current flow through the resistor,
and sends a signal to the actuator,
controlling engine speed

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 • There are many types of gasoline injection
systems
• A gasoline injection system is commonly
called a fuel injection system
• A diesel injection system is also a fuel
injection system

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Throttle Body
Injection
Injector nozzles
are mounted in a
throttle body
assembly on top of
the engine
Multiport Injection

Injectors are
mounted in the
intake ports going
to each cylinder
 Indirect Injection
Sprays fuel into the
intake manifold. Most
gasoline systems are
indirect.

Direct Injection
Sprays fuel directly into
the engine’s combustion
chambers. Used in all
diesel injection systems.
 Electronic Fuel Injection

• Uses various engine sensors and a control module

to regulate the opening and closing of the fuel
injectors
• This is the most common type of gasoline
injection system
 Hydraulic Fuel Injection

• Uses hydraulic control devices moved by air

or fuel pressure
• Airflow sensor and fuel distributor meter
gasoline (continuous injection)
– the fuel distributor is a hydraulic valve mechanism
that meters fuel into the engine

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Mechanical Fuel Injection
• Uses throttle linkage, mechanical pump, and
governor to control injection volume
• Old, seldom-used system
– used on high-performance gasoline and diesel
engine applications
 Injection Timing
• Intermittent injection
– opens and closes injectors independent of
engine intake valves
• Timed injection
– sprays fuel into the engine just before or as
the intake valve opens
• Continuous injection
– sprays fuel into the intake manifold at all
times
 Injector Opening Relationship

• Simultaneous Injection
– all the injectors open at the same time
– pulsed on and off together
• Sequential Injection
– injectors open one after the other
– injection matches the firing order of the engine
 Injector Opening Relationship

• Group Injection
– Several but not all injectors open at the same
time
– V-8 engine–one group of injectors open at one
time, another group of four open at a different
time
 Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)

• EFI system can be divided into four

subsystems:
– fuel delivery system
– air induction system
– sensor system
– computer control system
Systems Overview
 Fuel Delivery System

• Components
– electric fuel pump
– fuel filter
– fuel pressure regulator
– injectors
 Electric Fuel Pump
• Draws gasoline out of the tank
• Forces it to the fuel rail
 Fuel Pressure Regulator
• Controls the pressure entering the injector(s)
• Returns excess fuel to the tank
• Vacuum may be ported into the regulator
– lower pressure at idle
– increasing pressure at higher load
Fuel Pressure Regulator

Low vacuum, High vacuum,

high load low load
 Injectors
Fuel
Electrical inlet
terminals

• Solenoid-operated Inlet
screen
fuel valve Return

• When current flows,

spring
Armature

magnetism attracts
the armature to
open the injector Injector
body
Coil
windings
valve
Needle
valve Spray
mist
 Air Induction System
• Air filter
– traps dust and debris
• Throttle valve(s)
– controls airflow through the throttle body
• Sensors
– sense airflow and throttle position
• Ducts
– route clean air to the throttle body
Air Induction System
 Sensor System

• Inputs to the control module

• Signal the following operating conditions:
– temperature
– Position
– pressure or vacuum
– speed
 Computer Control System
Uses data from the
sensors to control
fuel injectors
Wiring harness
connects
computer to
sensors and
injectors
 Electronic Control Module

Commonly
mounted behind
the instrument
panel

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
• Oxygen (O2)
• Manifold absolute pressure (MAP)
• Throttle position (TP)
• Engine coolant temperature(ECT)
• Airflow
• Intake air temperature (IAT)
• Crankshaft position (CKP)
 Oxygen Sensor
• Measures oxygen content in the exhaust
• In OBD I vehicles, the sensor is threaded into
the exhaust manifold before the catalytic
converter
• OBD II equipped vehicles also use at least two
oxygen sensors
– one before and one after each catalytic converter
– the sensor located after the converter monitors
catalyst efficiency
 Oxygen Sensor
Signals air-fuel mixture
 MAP Sensor
• Senses engine load by measuring pressure, or
vacuum, inside the intake manifold
• High pressure (low vacuum) indicates high
load
• Low pressure (high vacuum) indicates low
load
 MAP Sensor
Often mounted on the engine or in the
engine compartment
 MAP Sensor Theory
Piezo-resistor chip converts pressure change
into resistance change

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 MAP Sensor Side View
Manifold vacuum flexes the chip,
altering its resistance

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Throttle Position Sensor

• Senses throttle position

• Variable resistor connected to the throttle
plate
• As the throttle opens or closes, sensor
resistance changes, signaling throttle position
 Throttle Position Sensor
Variable resistor signals throttle position
 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
• Senses engine coolant temperature
• At low temperatures, sensor resistance may
be high
– computer will richen mixture
• At high temperatures, sensor resistance may
be low
– computer will deliver leaner mixture
 Airflow Sensor

• Measures amount of air entering engine

• Air flap or door operates a variable resistor
• Airflow opens the flap, changing position of
the variable resistor and changing the
signal voltage to the computer
 Airflow Sensor Operation
This airflow sensor operates a variable resistor
 Intake Air Temperature Sensor
• Measures the temperature of the air entering
the engine
• Air temperature affects air density
• Cooler air is more dense, requiring more fuel
• Helps the computer compensate for changes
in outside air temperature
 Crankshaft Position Sensor

• Detects engine speed and position

• Information is used by computer for fuel
injection operation
 Continuous Injection System (CSI)

• Hydraulic-mechanical system
• Uses a mechanical airflow sensor to
operate a hydraulic fuel distributor
• Continuous injectors spray fuel anytime the
engine is running
Continuous Injection System (CSI)
 Auxiliary Air
Device

Mixture Control
Warm Up Unit (Fuel Fuel
Regulator Distributor Valve) Injector

Throttle
Valve
Primary Air Sensor
Pressure Plate
Cold Start
Valve Idle Speed
Valve
Adjuster

Air (from Air

Engine Temp
Inlet Filter) Sensor

Fuel
Safety
Accumulator
Relay

Ignition
Switch

Filter Pump

Legend
High Pressure Fuel
Low Pressure Fuel
Fuel Tank Battery Supply Pressure Fuel
Servo Pressure Fuel
Electrical Signal

PISTON ENGINE – Hydro-Mechanical Fuel Injection

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Cold Start Injector
• Extra fuel injector
• Sprays fuel into the intake plenum for cold
engine starting and running
• Improves cold operation by enriching the
air-fuel mixture
• Controlled by a thermo-time switch or
control module

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Cold Start Injector

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only