MATHEMATICS IN OUR

WORLD
Patterns and numbers
A pattern is a visible regularity or consistency in
the world or in a man-made design.
 There are reasons behind a certain pattern.
Oftentimes, some people develop an understanding
of patterns, relationships, and functions and use
them to represent and explain real – world
phenomena.
Historically, mathematicians have dealt with two types of
patterns – numeric patterns and the geometric patterns or
patterns of shapes.

Some common examples of patterns today are:

 logic patterns;
 patterns in nature (symmetry, spiral, meander, foam,
stripes, fractal, tessellation, wave);
 number patterns (the Fibonacci sequence)
 Logic Pattern
Logic Pattern deals with the characteristics of various objects, or
with order. Some patterns appear in a sequence, while some has
similar attributes. These types of pattern are common in aptitude
tests.

The answer is A
The answer is E
The answer is D
Patterns in Nature
Symmetry
 agreement in dimensions, due proportion and arrangement
 it refers to a harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance, just like
butterfly wings.
 the uterus is an example of symmetry, according to a gynecologist at the
University Hospital in Leuven in Belgium. Medical doctors can tell whether
a uterus looks normal and healthy based on its relative dimensions.
Patterns in Nature
Spiral
 a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it
revolves around the point
 an example of a spiral is your fingerprint
Patterns in Nature
Meander
 a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings in the
channel of a river, stream, or other water course
 all over the world rivers generally follow the same pattern (as the flow on
one side of the river gets faster, it begins to slow down the other, causing
another curve to form, and then another, until eventually you a snake-like
river or meander)
Patterns in Nature
Bubbles/Foam
 a substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid
 a bath sponge, the head in a glass of beer, and soap foam or suds
are just some of the examples of foam
Patterns in Nature
Stripe
 made by a series of bands or strips, often of the same width and
color along the length, just like the stripes of a zebra, or stripe
patterns found in plants
Patterns in Nature
Fractal
 an infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different
scales. Or any pattern, that when seen as an image, produces a
picture, which when zoomed into will still make the same picture
 Used in modelling natural structures and occurrences like mountain
formation and erosion, crystal structures and a lot more
Patterns in Nature
Tessellation
 also known as tiling
 a pattern of shapes that fit perfectly together, and have no
overlaps nor gaps.
 some tessellations found in nature are snake skin, and the
hexagonal cells in a honeycomb
Examples of Patterns in Nature

Other forms of Tessellation

Patterns in Nature
Wave
 a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or
space, with little or no associated mass transport.
 Surface waves in water show water ripples.
Examples of Patterns in Nature

Wave
Did you know that

Cross waves are square-

like patterns on the
ocean’s surface, beautiful
to look at but what lurks
beneath that amazing
sight are currents that can
wreck ships and pose a
threat to people in the
water.
Numeric Patterns
 Mathematics is very useful in making predictions. It is important
that you are able to recognize number pattern to help you develop
your problem solving skill.

To determine the next number in the sequence, you

have to:
 define the rule that defines the number pattern, you have to look
for differences between two consecutive numbers;
 see if there is no logic (addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, squares, cubes, etc) in the differences, find other
operations used in the pattern; and
 if the numbers in a pattern change in the same way or in the same
value each time, then that type of pattern is called a repeating
pattern
Example.
Find the next two numbers in the sequence: 8, 13, 18, 23, 28,
_____, _____?

Arithmetic Series
Arithmetic Series
 Eachterm is obtained by adding a fixed constant (called the
common difference) to the previous term.
An = A1 + (n -1)d where
n = term number
A1 = 1st term
d = common difference
Example: Find the 21st term in the series 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, …
SUM of Arithmetic Series
 Sn represents the sum of the first "n" terms in an arithmetic
series
Sn = n/2 (A1 + An) where
n = term number
A1 = 1st term
An = nth term

Example: Find the sum of the first 21 terms in the series 8, 13, 18,
23, 28, …
Example: Find the next term in the series 3, 6, 12, 24

Geometric Series:
• each term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by a fixed
constant (called the common ratio).

An = A1rn – 1

Example: Find the 11th term in the series 3, 6, 12, 24

SUM of Geometric Series:
• each term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by a fixed
constant (called the common ratio).

Sn = (A1(1 - r n))/1-r

Example: Find the sum of the first 11 terms in the

series 3, 6, 12, 24
Try this Example

What is the next number in the sequence: 12, 13, 15, 18, 22, ____?
Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci Sequence
Binet form of the nth Fibonacci Number
 Fibonacci Sequence

25th number = 75, 025

 Geometric Designs
Geometric shapes can be defined as figure or area closed by a
boundary which is created by combining the specific amount of
curves, points, and lines.

Shapes can also be classified as follows:

 Geometric shapes that have the same shape as each other are said to be similar.
 If they also have the same measure as each other, they are said to be congruent.
 Two-dimensional, a shape that has two dimensions – length and width.
 Three-dimensional, a shape that has three dimensions – length, with, and height.
 Geometric shapes that curves outward, like a square or hexagon, are convex.
 Geometric shapes that curves inward, like a star or an arrowhead, are concave
Geometric Designs
Geometric design is based on geometric shapes, often
combined and altered to form beautifully intricate patterns.

The aesthetic appeal and mathematical value of a geometric

shape is usually determined by the symmetries it exhibits.

In addition, symmetry is also a type of transformation or

movement which leaves the shape of a given figure
unchanged.
Transformation

Transformations involve taking a pre-image and

transforming it in some way to produce a similar or
identical image. There are two types of
transformations: rigid transformation or isometries
and non-rigid transformation.
 Transformation
a. Rigid Transformation

1. Rigid Transformation or Isometries, does not change the shape or size of the
pre-image. Transformations of these types fall into four categories:
translation, rotation, reflection, and glide reflection.

1.1 Translation
- It is performed by identifying the length and direction (called translation
vector). The pre-image is then translated according to the vector.
Transformation
1. Rigid Transformation or Isometries, does not change the shape or size of the
pre-image. Transformations of these types fall into four categories:
translation, rotation, reflection, and glide reflection.

1. 2 Rotation
- It is rotating a pre-image about a fixed point without changing its size, shape.
- It is performed by identifying the center of rotation, as well as the amount of
rotation (angular measure)
Transformation
1. Rigid Transformation or Isometries, does not change the shape or size of the
pre-image. Transformations of these types fall into four categories:
translation, rotation, reflection, and glide reflection.
1.3 Reflection
- Flipping a pre-image across a line without changing its size or shape.
- It is performed by moving a pre-image into a new position such that the resulting
image is a mirror image with respect to a line called line of symmetry (horizontal
line, vertical line, and arbitrary slant line of symmetry)
Transformation
1. Rigid Transformation or Isometries, does not change the shape or size of the
pre-image. Transformations of these types fall into four categories:
translation, rotation, reflection, and glide reflection.
1.4 Glide Reflection
- Combines translation and reflection.
- It must be determined by the line of symmetry and the translation vector.
- Note that the line of symmetry and the translation vector must be parallel.
- The order by which the reflection and translation are performed does not matter.
Transformation
2. Non-Rigid Transformation, which will change the size but not the
shape of the pre-image.

2. 1 Dilation or Resizing
- It is expanding or narrowing a pre-image without changing its shape or
location.
- The shape becomes bigger or smaller. It’s just like zooming in or out the
image.
The Use of Geometric Shapes & Transformation
in Designs
1. Finite Designs – these are the simplest designs. They usually occur in glassware ornaments and pottery
designs, on familiar artifacts. Another example that you are very familiar with are business/company
logos, like, windows logo, google photos logo, and google chrome.
- It is generated by the repetition of parts around a central point axis.
- There are only two classes of symmetries of finite designs, those that contain only rotation, and
those that contain both rotation and reflection.
The Use of Geometric Shapes & Transformation
in Designs
2. One-Directional designs/ Border Designs/ Frieze Patterns – these designs involve translation but only
in one direction that is usually horizontal.
- Other than translation, a border design can have the three other isometries.

Border Design using

translation of a triangle

Border Design using glide

reflection of a triangle

Border Design using vertical

reflection
The Use of Geometric Shapes & Transformation
in Designs
2. One-Directional designs/ Border Designs/ Frieze Patterns – these designs involve translation but only
in one direction that is usually horizontal.
- Other than translation, a border design can have the three other isometries.

Border Design using horizontal and vertical

reflection, rotation, and glide reflection

Border Design using rotation of a triangle

Border Design using vertical reflection

and rotation
The Use of Geometric Shapes & Transformation
in Designs
3. Wall Paper Designs – these are designs on a flat surface. Consider a wall paper in a house as an example,
they use patterns as a design. Generally, wall paper designs have two-directional symmetries. Consider the basic
design (or motif ) shown below. You can replicate this symmetry through a vertical, horizontal, and even a slant
translation.
The Use of Geometric Shapes & Transformation
in Designs
Geometric Designs: Enriching Filipino Culture &
Arts
Shapes and designs can be used as symbols that define the cultural and
.artistic spirit of a society, like traditional tattoos, and textile or mat weaving

The tattoo industry, for example, has

become the trademark of indigenous
culture and tradition. For tribe
members, tattoos symbolized social
status, achievements, family history,
team spirit and spirituality. Filipino tribal
tattoos also offered men protection, or
represented a tribe member’s bravery in.
Designs etched on the skin by traditional
tattoo artists (locally known as the
mambabatok in Kalinga) do not only
exhibit aesthetic and cultural values but
also display a certain mathematical
.creativity
Geometric Designs: Enriching Filipino Culture &
Arts

Our country is also rich in (according to

Delas Peñas (Versoza, 2014) various geometric
elements, and algebraic structures are present
in the elegant colored repeating patterns of
mat weaving. She highlighted the fact that
even without advanced mathematical training,
the weavers are able to create, by hand,
complex geometric designs depicting advanced
level of geometry and algebra using a
combination of a weaving and counting
technique. Filipino indigenous weavers has
earned not only national attention but also
worldwide recognition.