GENERAL

BIOLOGY 2
12-STEM
Prepared by:
Mrs. Gretchen P. Blanco-Castilla
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the discussion, the learners shall have been

able to:

a. Identify the different laws of Mendel’s Law of inheritance;

b. Compare and contrast the 3 laws; and

c. Perform and solve hybrid crossing.

 Activity #1.4
Instructions: Read and answer the questions comprehensively. Write your answer on a sheet of paper .

1. What is the difference between Law of Dominance and Law of Independent Assortment?

2. How is Law of Dominance related to Law of Segregation?

3. What is the difference between dominant allele and a recessive allele?

4. Compare and contrast diploid and haploid?

5. What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

6. What makes Mendel considered as the Man of Genetics?

7. What is the difference between monohybrid and dihybrid cross?

 Mendel's Law of
Topic: Inheritance
Law of Dominance

Law of Segregation

Law of Independent Assortment

  Born on 22nd of July 1822 in Austria.
1. Who is Mendel?
 He did his highest studies in mathematics,
2. Why Mendel is known as father of genetics?
physics, and natural sciences.
 In 1856, he started his famous experiment,
and in 1865 he presented his paper
“Experiments in plants hybridization” at
Natural History Society in Brunn.
 In 1900, Hugo De Vries, Karl Correns, and
Erich Tschermark rediscover Mendel’s
findings and postulates three laws that are
known as Mendel's Law of Inheritance.
 Opened new skill in biological science known
as genetics.
Gregor Johann Mendel
(1822-1884)
Man of Science, Man of Genetics
 Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

1. Law of Dominance:
In the cross between two organisms pure
for any pair of contrasting character, the
character which appear in first generation
is called dominant and the one which
suppressed is called recessive.

A cross between a homozygous dominant

and homozygous recessive will always
express the dominant phenotype.
What is Monohybrid cross?
-It is a cross between two pure
parents differing in a single pair
of
contrasting character.
 Pure
TT tt
Parents

F1 Generation Tt
(Filial 1)

Mendel concluded, only

dominant character expressed in
F1 generation.
 Curly hair in humans is also a good example of dominance over straight hair.

 In other words, the law of dominance is significant and true but not universally
applicable.

 There are many cases where the dominance is not complete or absent and it shows
intermediate explicit in F1 generation. In other words, this is called INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE.

 Example: A red rose flower is crossed with white rose flower it shows pink color in
F1 generation. That’s why it is significant and true but not universally applicable.
From the re appearance of recessive character in F2 generation Mendel concluded that in
the F1 generation factors do not mix with each other, but they remain together and
during gamete formation these factors separate or segregation.

2. Law of Segregation:
 The allelic pair in a hybrid segregation or separate during the formation of
gametes, and that during the formation of new gametes. It receives only one of the
two factors and are pure for a given trait.
 This is also known as Law of Purity of Gametes.

 This also explain with the help of monohybrid cross. The re appearance of recessive
trait in F2 generation proves the law.
All sexually reproducing
organisms are diploid (2n)
and gametes are haploid (n).

This is applicable for all

organisms.

Therefore, 2nd Law is

universally applicable.
 3. Law of Independent Assortment :
This law is based on dihybrid cross.
Which means, it is a cross between two pure parents differing in
two pairs of contrasting characters.

The alleles of two different genes get sorted into gametes

independently of one another.

When a dihybrid forms gamete, assortment of alleles of different

traits is independent of their original combination in the parents.
 Out of 4 types, two were parental
combination (i.e. RRYY and rryy) and
two were new (i.e. rrYY and Rryy).

New combination in F2 proves the Law

of Independent Assortment.

This law is applicable only for those traits

which are on different chromosomes.
Thus, this law is not universally
applicable
 THANK YOU!
“Physical dominance can make you great.
Mental dominance is what ultimately makes you unstoppable”. -Tim S. Grover