EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATIO
N SKILLS
 UNIT ONE: FOUNDATION OF
COMMUNICATION

• MEANING, DEFINITION, SCOPE, AND IMPORTANCE OF

COMMUNICATION
• PROCESS AND TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
• CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION.
• BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND WAYS TO
MITIGATE.
 UNIT TWO: LANGUAGE COMPETENCY

• BASIC RULES OF TENSES

• RULES OF PHONICS, DIAGRAPH, TRIGRAPHS
• CONSONANT BLENDS AND SILENT CONSONANTS
• CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI SYLLABIC WORDS
 UNIT THREE: ACTIVE LISTENING

• DIFFERENTIATING ACTIVE LISTENING FROM PASSIVE

LISTENING
• RECOGNIZING AND OVERCOMING COMMON BARRIERS TO
ACTIVE LISTENING
• ROLE OF ACTIVE LISTENING IN PROFESSIONAL
INTERACTIONS AND CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS
• SUMMARIZE AND ANALYZE THE CONTENT OF
BROADCASTS.
 UNIT FOUR: EFFECTIVE
SPEAKING
• IDENTIFYING COMMON FEARS AND ANXIETIES RELATED
TO SPEAKING.
• TECHNIQUES TO BUILD CONFIDENCE AND OVERCOME
STAGE FRIGHT.
• VOICE MODULATION, PITCH, AND PACE FOR ENGAGING
DELIVERY
• IMPROMPTU SPEAKING
 UNIT FIVE: SKILLFUL READING
• LEARNING ACTIVE READING TECHNIQUES LIKE
INTENSIVE READING, EXTENSIVE READING, SKIMMING
AND SCANNING
• IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS, SUPPORTING DETAILS, AND
DRAWING INFERENCES.
• STRATEGIES FOR VOCABULARY BUILDING AND CONTEXT-
BASED UNDERSTANDING.
• COMPREHENSIVE READING-PRACTICAL
 UNIT SIX: COMPREHENSIVE WRITING
• LEARNING SENTENCE STRUCTURE ESSENTIALS
• PROFESSIONAL EMAIL WRITING- SALUTATIONS, SUBJECT LINE,
GREETING, BODY, CLOSING LINE, AND SIGNATURE
• MEMO ,NOTICE AND AGENDA, MINUTES OF MEETING
• LETTER WRITING: FORMAL LETTER, INFORMAL LETTER, BUSINESS
LETTER
1.JOB APPLICATION
2.COMPLAINT LETTER WRITING
3.LEAVE APPLICATION
 FOUNDATION OF
COMMUNICATION
SKILLS
 MEANING OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION IS THE PROCESS OF EXCHANGING INFORMATION, IDEAS,
THOUGHTS, OR FEELINGS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS USING
VERBAL OR NON-VERBAL METHODS. IT INVOLVES A SENDER CONVEYING A
MESSAGE THROUGH A CHOSEN MEDIUM TO A RECEIVER, WITH THE
INTENTION OF SHARING AND UNDERSTANDING INFORMATION. EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION REQUIRES CLARITY, UNDERSTANDING, AND A FEEDBACK
LOOP TO ENSURE THE MESSAGE IS RECEIVED AS INTENDED. IT PLAYS A
CRUCIAL ROLE IN HUMAN INTERACTION, ENABLING COOPERATION,
INFORMATION SHARING, AND THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS AND IDEAS.
 ETYMOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION

• COMMUNICATION – ROOT WORD – ‘COMMUNICARE’

TO SHARE OR TO MAKE THINGS COMMON

“COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS OF PASSING INFORMATION AND

UNDERSTANDING FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER”
“COMMUNICATION IS AN EXCHANGE AND EXACT REPLICATION OF
THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, FACTS, BELIEFS AND IDEAS BETWEEN AND
AMONG THE INDIVIDUALS THROUGH A COMMON SYSTEM OF
SYMBOLS TO CAUSE SOME ACTIONS OR CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR”
 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION
"COMMUNICATION IS THE PROCESS OF EXCHANGING INFORMATION,
IDEAS, THOUGHTS, OR FEELINGS THROUGH VERBAL, NON-VERBAL, OR
WRITTEN MEANS." - THIS DEFINITION EMPHASIZES THE TRANSFER OF
INFORMATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS.

"COMMUNICATION IS THE ART OF TRANSMITTING INFORMATION, IDEAS,

AND EMOTIONS FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER." - THIS DEFINITION
HIGHLIGHTS THE EXPRESSIVE AND EMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF
COMMUNICATION.
"COMMUNICATION IS A DYNAMIC PROCESS THAT INVOLVES
ENCODING, TRANSMITTING, AND DECODING MESSAGES TO ACHIEVE
MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING." - THIS DEFINITION UNDERSCORES THE
INTERACTIVE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION AND THE IMPORTANCE
OF SHARED MEANING.
"COMMUNICATION IS THE FOUNDATION OF ALL HUMAN
INTERACTION, ENABLING INDIVIDUALS TO CONNECT, COLLABORATE,
AND BUILD RELATIONSHIPS." - THIS DEFINITION FOCUSES ON THE
FUNDAMENTAL ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL AND
INTERPERSONAL CONTEXTS.
 THE SCOPE OF COMMUNICATION
•INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: THIS INCLUDES ONE-ON-ONE OR SMALL
GROUP INTERACTIONS, SUCH AS CONVERSATIONS, INTERVIEWS, AND
DISCUSSIONS.
•GROUP COMMUNICATION: INVOLVES COMMUNICATION WITHIN LARGER
GROUPS OR TEAMS, WHICH MAY INCLUDE DECISION-MAKING, PROBLEM-
SOLVING, AND COLLABORATION.
•ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION: FOCUSES ON COMMUNICATION WITHIN
BUSINESSES AND INSTITUTIONS, COVERING AREAS LIKE EMPLOYEE
COMMUNICATION, LEADERSHIP, AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE.
•MASS COMMUNICATION: ENCOMPASSES COMMUNICATION
THROUGH MASS MEDIA, INCLUDING TELEVISION, RADIO, PRINT, AND
DIGITAL MEDIA, REACHING A WIDE AND OFTEN ANONYMOUS
AUDIENCE.
•INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: DEALS WITH COMMUNICATION
BETWEEN PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS AND
EXPLORES HOW CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IMPACT UNDERSTANDING.
•NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: INVOLVES COMMUNICATION
THROUGH BODY LANGUAGE, GESTURES, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, AND
OTHER NON-VERBAL CUES.
•WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: COVERS WRITTEN FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
SUCH AS EMAILS, REPORTS, LETTERS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS.
•DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: FOCUSES ON COMMUNICATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE,
INCLUDING SOCIAL MEDIA, ONLINE CHAT, EMAIL, AND OTHER DIGITAL
PLATFORMS.
•HEALTH COMMUNICATION: RELATES TO COMMUNICATION IN HEALTHCARE
SETTINGS, INCLUDING DOCTOR-PATIENT INTERACTIONS, HEALTH CAMPAIGNS, AND
PUBLIC HEALTH MESSAGING.
•MARKETING AND ADVERTISING COMMUNICATION: INVOLVES PROMOTIONAL
AND PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION TO INFORM, INFLUENCE, AND PERSUADE
CONSUMERS.
•POLITICAL COMMUNICATION: ENCOMPASSES COMMUNICATION IN THE
POLITICAL ARENA, INCLUDING CAMPAIGNS, PUBLIC SPEECHES, AND
GOVERNMENT MESSAGING.
•CRISIS COMMUNICATION: ADDRESSES COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES DURING
CRISES OR EMERGENCIES TO MANAGE PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND PROVIDE
INFORMATION.
•EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION: INVOLVES COMMUNICATION IN
EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS, INCLUDING TEACHING, LEARNING, AND EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY.
•MEDIA STUDIES: ANALYZES THE ROLE OF MEDIA AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETY,
INCLUDING MEDIA EFFECTS, MEDIA THEORY, AND MEDIA ETHICS.
THE SCOPE OF COMMUNICATION IS CONTINUALLY EVOLVING WITH
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS AND CHANGES IN SOCIETAL AND
CULTURAL NORMS. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS CRUCIAL IN
VARIOUS CONTEXTS, CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESSFUL RELATIONSHIPS,
PROBLEM-SOLVING, AND THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND
IDEAS.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
•EFFECTIVE INTERACTION: COMMUNICATION IS THE FOUNDATION OF ALL
HUMAN INTERACTION. IT ALLOWS PEOPLE TO CONNECT, SHARE IDEAS, AND
UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER, FOSTERING RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIAL COHESION.
•INFORMATION EXCHANGE: COMMUNICATION IS A PRIMARY MEANS OF
SHARING INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE, AND EXPERIENCES. IT'S VITAL FOR
LEARNING, PROBLEM-SOLVING, AND DECISION-MAKING.
•CONFLICT RESOLUTION: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION CAN HELP RESOLVE
CONFLICTS AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS BY ENABLING INDIVIDUALS TO EXPRESS
THEIR CONCERNS AND FIND COMMON GROUND.
• PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS: STRONG
COMMUNICATION SKILLS ARE CRUCIAL FOR SUCCESS IN BOTH
PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL LIFE. THEY AID IN JOB INTERVIEWS,
CAREER ADVANCEMENT, AND LEADERSHIP.
• INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY: OPEN COMMUNICATION
ENCOURAGES THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS, WHICH CAN LEAD TO
INNOVATION AND CREATIVE PROBLEM-SOLVING IN VARIOUS
FIELDS.
• EMPATHY AND UNDERSTANDING: COMMUNICATION ENABLES
PEOPLE TO EXPRESS THEIR EMOTIONS AND THOUGHTS, LEADING
TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND EMPATHY AMONG INDIVIDUALS.
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP: GOOD LEADERS ARE OFTEN STRONG
COMMUNICATORS, CAPABLE OF INSPIRING AND GUIDING THEIR
•COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS
ESSENTIAL FOR COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK IN ORGANIZATIONS,
ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY.
•PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT: COMMUNICATION IS CRUCIAL FOR
GOVERNMENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS TO ENGAGE WITH THE PUBLIC,
DISSEMINATE INFORMATION, AND GATHER FEEDBACK.
•MARKETING AND SALES: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS AT THE
CORE OF MARKETING AND SALES EFFORTS, INFLUENCING CONSUMER
BEHAVIOR AND PURCHASE DECISIONS.
•HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: IN HEALTHCARE, CLEAR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS AND PATIENTS IS ESSENTIAL FOR ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS
AND TREATMENT.
•SAFETY: IN INDUSTRIES AND EMERGENCY SITUATIONS, EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION IS CRITICAL FOR ENSURING SAFETY AND RESPONDING TO
CRISES.
•GLOBALIZATION: IN AN INTERCONNECTED WORLD, COMMUNICATION BRIDGES
LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL BARRIERS, FACILITATING INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION AND TRADE.
•MEDIA AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION: THE MEDIA PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE
IN INFORMING THE PUBLIC, SHAPING OPINIONS, AND HOLDING INSTITUTIONS
ACCOUNTABLE.
OVERALL, EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS FUNDAMENTAL TO
HUMAN SOCIETY, ENABLING THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS, THE
RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS, THE ADVANCEMENT OF
KNOWLEDGE, AND THE PROMOTION OF COOPERATION AND
UNDERSTANDING. IT UNDERPINS SUCCESS AND PROGRESS IN
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF LIFE.
 THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
•SENDER: THIS IS THE PERSON OR ENTITY WHO INITIATES THE COMMUNICATION
BY FORMING A MESSAGE TO CONVEY INFORMATION, IDEAS, OR EMOTIONS.
•ENCODING: THE SENDER CONVERTS THEIR THOUGHTS, IDEAS, OR FEELINGS INTO
A MESSAGE, WHICH CAN TAKE THE FORM OF WORDS, SYMBOLS, GESTURES, OR
OTHER COMMUNICATION METHODS.
•MESSAGE: THIS IS THE INFORMATION OR CONTENT THAT THE SENDER INTENDS
TO TRANSMIT TO THE RECIPIENT. IT CAN BE VERBAL, WRITTEN, VISUAL, OR NON-
VERBAL.
•CHANNEL: THE CHANNEL IS THE MEDIUM THROUGH WHICH THE MESSAGE IS
TRANSMITTED. IT CAN BE FACE-TO-FACE CONVERSATION, PHONE CALLS, EMAILS,
TEXT MESSAGES, BODY LANGUAGE, OR ANY OTHER MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
•DECODING: THE RECIPIENT RECEIVES THE MESSAGE AND INTERPRETS IT, TRYING
TO UNDERSTAND THE SENDER'S INTENT. THIS INVOLVES PROCESSING THE
INFORMATION AND MAKING SENSE OF IT.
•RECEIVER: THE RECEIVER IS THE INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP FOR WHOM THE
MESSAGE IS INTENDED. THEY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS BY RECEIVING, INTERPRETING, AND RESPONDING TO THE MESSAGE.
PROCESS/ CYCLE OF COMMUNICATION
•FEEDBACK: AFTER DECODING THE MESSAGE, THE RECEIVER MAY PROVIDE
FEEDBACK TO THE SENDER, INDICATING THEIR UNDERSTANDING OR RESPONSE.
FEEDBACK CAN BE VERBAL OR NON-VERBAL AND IS CRUCIAL FOR ENSURING
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION.
•NOISE: NOISE REFERS TO ANY INTERFERENCE OR BARRIER THAT CAN DISRUPT THE
COMMUNICATION PROCESS. THIS CAN INCLUDE DISTRACTIONS, LANGUAGE
BARRIERS, TECHNICAL ISSUES, OR OTHER FACTORS THAT HINDER CLEAR
COMMUNICATION.
•CONTEXT: THE CONTEXT OF THE COMMUNICATION INCLUDES THE SITUATIONAL,
CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE MESSAGE'S MEANING AND
INTERPRETATION. IT CAN SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT HOW A MESSAGE IS RECEIVED.
•RESPONSE OR ACTION: BASED ON THE RECEIVED MESSAGE AND
FEEDBACK, THE RECEIVER MAY TAKE ACTION, RESPOND, OR PROVIDE
THEIR OWN MESSAGE AS PART OF THE ONGOING COMMUNICATION
PROCESS.
•ONGOING CYCLE: COMMUNICATION IS OFTEN AN ITERATIVE
PROCESS, WITH MESSAGES AND FEEDBACK CONTINUING TO FLOW
BETWEEN SENDER AND RECEIVER AS THEY SEEK MUTUAL
UNDERSTANDING AND, IF NECESSARY, MAKE ADJUSTMENTS TO THE
MESSAGE OR THEIR RESPONSES.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION OCCURS WHEN THE MESSAGE IS
ACCURATELY ENCODED, TRANSMITTED THROUGH A SUITABLE
CHANNEL, SUCCESSFULLY DECODED BY THE RECEIVER, AND RESULTS
IN A SHARED UNDERSTANDING OR THE INTENDED ACTION.
HOWEVER, COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNS CAN OCCUR AT ANY
STAGE OF THIS PROCESS, EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF CLEAR
AND THOUGHTFUL COMMUNICATION.
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
THIS INVOLVES SPOKEN OR WRITTEN WORDS AND IS THE
MOST DIRECT AND COMMON FORM OF COMMUNICATION. IT
INCLUDES FACE-TO-FACE CONVERSATIONS, PHONE CALLS,
SPEECHES, PRESENTATIONS, AND WRITTEN DOCUMENTS LIKE
EMAILS AND LETTERS.
 VERBAL COMMUNICATION
WRITTEN
ORAL
•INTERCHANGE OF MESSAGE, OPINIONS
•EXCHANGE OF IDEAS, INFORMATION
AND INFORMATION IN WRITTEN OR
AND MESSAGE THROUGH SPOKEN
PRINTED FORM IS WRITTEN
WORDS IS ORAL COMMUNICATION.
COMMUNICATION.
•LITERACY NOT REQUIRED AT ALL.
•LITERACY REQUIRED FOR
•NO RECORD OF COMMUNICATION IS COMMUNICATION
THERE.
•PROPER RECORDS OF COMMUNICATION
•IMMEDIATE FEEDBACK CAN BE GIVEN ARE PRESENT.
•FEEDBACK TAKES TIME.
 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION INCLUDES GESTURES, FACIAL

EXPRESSIONS, BODY LANGUAGE, EYE CONTACT, AND TONE OF VOICE.
IT CAN CONVEY EMOTIONS, ATTITUDES, AND ADDITIONAL CONTEXT
ALONGSIDE VERBAL MESSAGES.
 NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• KINESICS • PROXEMICS
• POSTURE • CHRONEMICS
• GESTURE • HAPTICS
• FACIAL EXPRESSION • PARALINGUISTICS
• EYE CONTACT • SILENCE
KINESICS

• WHEN A SPEAKER PRESENTS

HIMSELF, WE SEE HIM BEFORE WE
START HEARING HIM.

• WE BEGIN DEVELOPING
IMPRESSIONS OF HIS ABILITIES AND
ATTITUDES BASED ON THE NON-
VERBAL SIGNALS HE SENDS.
POSTURE AND GESTURE
 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

• FACE IS CONSIDERED AS AN INDEX

OF OUR MIND.

• A SMILE STANDS FOR FRIENDLINESS,

A FROWN FOR DISCONTENT, RAISED
EYEBROWS FOR DISBELIEF,
TIGHTENED JAW MUSCLES FOR
ANTAGONISM, ETC.
EYE CONTACT

• THE EYES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE

THE WINDOWS OF THE SOUL.

• YOU LOOK TO THE EYES OF THE

SPEAKER TO HELP FIND OUT THE
TRUTHFULNESS OF HIS SPEECH, HIS
INTELLIGENCE, ATTITUDES AND
FEELINGS.
38
PROXEMICS
CHRONEMICS
41
42
HAPTICS

• STUDY OF TOUCH IN COMMUNICATION.

• THROUGH TOUCH EMOTIONS AND
FEELINGS ARE CONVEYED.
PARALINGUISTICS

• VOLUME
• RATE (120 WPM TO 150 WPM)
• PITCH (RISE AND FALL OF VOICE)
• PRONOUNCIATION
• PAUSES
SILENCE

• SILENCE SPEAKS LOUDER THAN

WORDS.
• ALLOWING SILENCE IN A
CONVERSATION PUTS PRESSURE ON
THE OTHER PERSON.
• SILENCE CAN INDICATE HOSTILITY OR
DISAGREEMENT.
• SILENCE CAN BE INTENTIONAL
RUDENESS.

45
46
•VISUAL COMMUNICATION: VISUAL COMMUNICATION RELIES ON VISUAL
ELEMENTS TO CONVEY INFORMATION. THIS INCLUDES IMAGES, CHARTS, GRAPHS,
VIDEOS, AND OTHER VISUAL AIDS USED IN PRESENTATIONS, ADVERTISING, AND
DESIGN.
•WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: WRITTEN COMMUNICATION ENCOMPASSES ANY
FORM OF WRITTEN MESSAGES, SUCH AS REPORTS, MEMOS, LETTERS, EMAILS,
TEXTS, AND LITERATURE. IT'S A VITAL MEANS FOR DOCUMENTING AND
CONVEYING DETAILED INFORMATION.
•INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: THIS OCCURS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OR IN
SMALL GROUPS AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR BUILDING PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS. IT
INCLUDES CASUAL CONVERSATIONS, DISCUSSIONS, AND INTERACTIONS WITH
FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND COLLEAGUES.
•GROUP COMMUNICATION: GROUP COMMUNICATION INVOLVES
INTERACTIONS WITHIN LARGER GROUPS OR TEAMS, FACILITATING
DISCUSSIONS, BRAINSTORMING, AND DECISION-MAKING AMONG
MULTIPLE INDIVIDUALS.
•MASS COMMUNICATION: MASS COMMUNICATION TARGETS LARGE
AUDIENCES AND INCLUDES MEDIA CHANNELS LIKE TELEVISION,
RADIO, NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, AND THE INTERNET. IT'S USED FOR
PUBLIC INFORMATION, ENTERTAINMENT, AND ADVERTISING.
•DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
ENCOMPASSES COMMUNICATION THROUGH ELECTRONIC DEVICES
AND PLATFORMS, INCLUDING EMAILS, SOCIAL MEDIA, INSTANT
MESSAGING, AND VIDEO CONFERENCING.
•FORMAL COMMUNICATION: THIS TYPE OF COMMUNICATION
FOLLOWS ESTABLISHED PROTOCOLS AND HIERARCHIES WITHIN
ORGANIZATIONS. EXAMPLES INCLUDE OFFICIAL MEMOS, REPORTS,
AND COMPANY POLICIES.
•INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
OCCURS OUTSIDE OF FORMAL CHANNELS AND OFTEN INVOLVES
CASUAL CONVERSATIONS AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN THE
WORKPLACE OR PERSONAL LIFE.
•CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION: THIS TYPE FOCUSES ON
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS FROM DIFFERENT
CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS, ADDRESSING POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES IN
LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS, AND VALUES.
•MARKETING AND ADVERTISING COMMUNICATION: MARKETING
COMMUNICATION AIMS TO PROMOTE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES TO
CONSUMERS, USING VARIOUS STRATEGIES LIKE ADVERTISEMENTS,
BRANDING, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS.
•HEALTH COMMUNICATION: IN THE FIELD OF HEALTHCARE,
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS AND
PATIENTS IS CRUCIAL FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PATIENT
EDUCATION.
•CRISIS COMMUNICATION: THIS TYPE OF COMMUNICATION INVOLVES
MANAGING AND DISSEMINATING INFORMATION DURING CRISES OR
EMERGENCIES TO INFORM AND REASSURE THE PUBLIC.
•MEDIA COMMUNICATION: THIS ENCOMPASSES THE MESSAGES
CONVEYED THROUGH VARIOUS FORMS OF MEDIA, INCLUDING NEWS
REPORTING, ENTERTAINMENT, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS EFFORTS.

THESE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SERVE SPECIFIC

PURPOSES AND ARE ADAPTED TO THE NEEDS OF VARIOUS SETTINGS,
WHETHER PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL, OR SOCIETAL. EACH TYPE MAY
REQUIRE DIFFERENT SKILLS AND APPROACHES TO EFFECTIVELY
CONVEY MESSAGES AND ACHIEVE DESIRED OUTCOMES.
 CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:
• - FACE-TO-FACE CONVERSATIONS
• - TELEPHONE CALLS
• - VOICE AND VIDEO CONFERENCING
• - VOICEMAIL MESSAGES
• - PUBLIC SPEAKING AND PRESENTATIONS

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:

• - EMAILS
• - LETTERS AND MEMOS
• - REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS
• - TEXT MESSAGES (SMS)
• - CHAT MESSAGES (INSTANT MESSAGING)
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:
• - SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS (E.G., FACEBOOK, TWITTER)
• - ONLINE FORUMS AND DISCUSSION BOARDS
• - BLOGS AND MICROBLOGS
• - VIDEO-SHARING PLATFORMS (E.G., YOUTUBE)
• - PODCASTS AND WEBINARS

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:

• - BODY LANGUAGE AND GESTURES
• - FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
• - EYE CONTACT
• - PARALANGUAGE (INTONATION, PITCH, AND SPEED OF SPEECH)

• - PHYSICAL TOUCH
VISUAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:
• - VISUAL AIDS IN PRESENTATIONS (SLIDES, CHARTS, GRAPHS)
• - INFOGRAPHICS
• - PHOTOGRAPHY
• - VIDEOS AND FILMS
• - GRAPHIC DESIGN AND ART

PRINT MEDIA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:

• - NEWSPAPERS
• - MAGAZINES
• - BROCHURES AND FLYERS
• - POSTERS AND BILLBOARDS
• - DIRECT MAIL
MASS MEDIA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:
• - TELEVISION
• - RADIO
• - INTERNET NEWS WEBSITES
• - SOCIAL MEDIA ADVERTISING
• - OUTDOOR ADVERTISING (E.G., ROADSIDE BILLBOARDS)

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:

• - ONE-ON-ONE CONVERSATIONS
• - SMALL GROUP DISCUSSIONS
• - FAMILY AND SOCIAL GATHERINGS
• - NETWORKING EVENTS
• - JOB INTERVIEWS
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:
• - INTRANET AND INTERNAL WEBSITES
• - MEETINGS (E.G., STAFF MEETINGS, BOARD MEETINGS)
• - NEWSLETTERS AND INTERNAL MEMOS
• - EMPLOYEE HANDBOOKS AND MANUALS
• - EMPLOYEE SURVEYS AND FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:

• - CLASSROOM LECTURES
• - EDUCATIONAL TEXTBOOKS AND MATERIALS
• - E-LEARNING PLATFORMS
• - EDUCATIONAL VIDEOS AND TUTORIALS
• - PARENT-TEACHER CONFERENCES
MARKETING AND ADVERTISING COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:
• - ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS
• - PUBLIC RELATIONS EFFORTS
• - CONTENT MARKETING
• - INFLUENCER MARKETING
• - PRODUCT PACKAGING AND BRANDING

EMERGENCY AND CRISIS COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:

• - EMERGENCY BROADCAST SYSTEMS
• - ALERT MESSAGES AND NOTIFICATIONS
• - PRESS CONFERENCES
• - SOCIAL MEDIA UPDATES DURING CRISES
• - HOTLINES AND HELPLINES
THE CHOICE OF COMMUNICATION CHANNEL DEPENDS ON
THE MESSAGE, THE AUDIENCE, THE DESIRED IMPACT, AND
THE AVAILABLE RESOURCES. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATORS
SELECT THE MOST APPROPRIATE CHANNEL TO ENSURE THEIR
MESSAGE REACHES THE INTENDED RECIPIENTS AND IS
UNDERSTOOD AS INTENDED.
 LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

•EXTRA PERSONAL COMMUNICATION •ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION (INTERNAL &

EXTERNAL)

•INTRA PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

•MASS COMMUNICATION

•INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:
•NOISE: ENVIRONMENTAL, PHYSICAL, OR PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
THAT DISRUPT THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS, SUCH AS LOUD
NOISES, DISTRACTIONS, OR PERSONAL STRESS.
•LANGUAGE BARRIERS: DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE, DIALECTS, OR
JARGON CAN LEAD TO MISUNDERSTANDINGS, ESPECIALLY IN CROSS-
CULTURAL COMMUNICATION.
•LACK OF CLARITY: UNCLEAR OR VAGUE MESSAGES, INCLUDING THE
USE OF AMBIGUOUS WORDS OR INCOMPLETE SENTENCES, CAN LEAD
TO MISINTERPRETATION.
•EMOTIONAL BARRIERS: EMOTIONS SUCH AS ANGER, FEAR,
OR ANXIETY CAN AFFECT A PERSON'S ABILITY TO CONVEY OR
INTERPRET MESSAGES ACCURATELY.
•CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: DIFFERENT CULTURAL NORMS
AND VALUES CAN LEAD TO MISINTERPRETATION, AS
GESTURES, EXPRESSIONS, AND BEHAVIORS MAY BE
INTERPRETED DIFFERENTLY.
•PHYSICAL BARRIERS: PHYSICAL SEPARATION OR DISTANCE BETWEEN
COMMUNICATORS, AS WELL AS DISABILITIES AFFECTING HEARING OR VISION,
CAN IMPEDE EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION.
•SEMANTIC BARRIERS: DIFFERENCES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF WORDS AND
MEANINGS, LEADING TO MISUNDERSTANDINGS.
•ASSUMPTIONS AND STEREOTYPES: PRECONCEIVED NOTIONS AND STEREOTYPES
ABOUT OTHERS CAN AFFECT THE INTERPRETATION OF MESSAGES AND LEAD TO
BIAS.
•INFORMATION OVERLOAD: WHEN INDIVIDUALS ARE BOMBARDED WITH
EXCESSIVE INFORMATION, THEY MAY STRUGGLE TO PROCESS AND UNDERSTAND
ALL OF IT.
•INEFFECTIVE LISTENING: POOR LISTENING SKILLS, SUCH AS INTERRUPTING, NOT
PAYING ATTENTION, OR FORMING RESPONSES BEFORE FULLY UNDERSTANDING
THE MESSAGE, CAN HINDER COMMUNICATION.
•FEEDBACK ISSUES: LACK OF OR UNCLEAR FEEDBACK CAN PREVENT
COMMUNICATORS FROM CONFIRMING THAT THE MESSAGE WAS UNDERSTOOD
AS INTENDED.
•PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS: PERSONAL BELIEFS, ATTITUDES, AND VALUES MAY
AFFECT HOW INDIVIDUALS RECEIVE AND INTERPRET MESSAGES.
•ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS: INEFFICIENCIES OR PROBLEMS WITHIN AN
ORGANIZATION, LIKE POOR COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES, CAN HINDER
COMMUNICATION FLOW.
•TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS: TECHNICAL ISSUES, SUCH AS POOR INTERNET
CONNECTIONS OR MALFUNCTIONING EQUIPMENT, CAN DISRUPT DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION.
•POWER DYNAMICS: HIERARCHIES AND POWER IMBALANCES WITHIN
ORGANIZATIONS OR SOCIAL GROUPS CAN HINDER OPEN AND HONEST
COMMUNICATION.
RECOGNIZING AND ADDRESSING THESE BARRIERS IS
ESSENTIAL FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION. STRATEGIES TO
OVERCOME THESE BARRIERS MAY INCLUDE ACTIVE
LISTENING, PROVIDING CLEAR AND CONCISE MESSAGES,
BEING CULTURALLY SENSITIVE, AND USING APPROPRIATE
CHANNELS FOR COMMUNICATION.
 MITIGATING BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
•ACTIVE LISTENING: PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO THE SPEAKER, ASK
CLARIFYING QUESTIONS, AND PROVIDE FEEDBACK TO ENSURE YOU'VE
UNDERSTOOD THE MESSAGE CORRECTLY.
•CLARITY IN MESSAGE: BE CLEAR AND CONCISE WHEN CONVEYING
YOUR MESSAGE. AVOID JARGON AND USE SIMPLE,
STRAIGHTFORWARD LANGUAGE.
•FEEDBACK: ENCOURAGE FEEDBACK FROM THE RECIPIENT TO
CONFIRM THEIR UNDERSTANDING. THIS TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION
HELPS ENSURE CLARITY.
•NONVERBAL CUES: PAY ATTENTION TO BODY LANGUAGE
AND TONE OF VOICE, AS THEY CAN PROVIDE ADDITIONAL
CONTEXT AND MEANING TO THE MESSAGE.
•CULTURAL SENSITIVITY: WHEN COMMUNICATING ACROSS
CULTURES, LEARN ABOUT CULTURAL NORMS, AND BE
RESPECTFUL OF DIFFERENCES IN CUSTOMS AND VALUES.
•USE MULTIPLE CHANNELS: EMPLOY VARIOUS COMMUNICATION CHANNELS,
SUCH AS WRITTEN AND VERBAL, TO CATER TO DIFFERENT PREFERENCES AND
NEEDS.
•EMPATHY: CONSIDER THE EMOTIONAL STATE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE OTHER
PERSON, WHICH CAN HELP BUILD RAPPORT AND UNDERSTANDING.
•AVOID ASSUMPTIONS: DON'T MAKE ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT WHAT THE OTHER
PERSON KNOWS OR MEANS. ASK FOR CLARIFICATION WHEN IN DOUBT.
•REDUCE INFORMATION OVERLOAD: PRIORITIZE IMPORTANT INFORMATION,
AND BREAK DOWN COMPLEX MESSAGES INTO SMALLER, MORE MANAGEABLE
PARTS.
•ORGANIZATIONAL IMPROVEMENT: ORGANIZATIONS SHOULD ESTABLISH CLEAR
COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES AND ENCOURAGE OPEN AND TRANSPARENT
COMMUNICATION PRACTICES.
•IMPROVE TECHNOLOGICAL RESOURCES: ENSURE THAT TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT
AND PLATFORMS USED FOR COMMUNICATION ARE RELIABLE AND ACCESSIBLE,
MINIMIZING TECHNICAL BARRIERS.
•POWER BALANCING: CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE ALL INDIVIDUALS FEEL
COMFORTABLE EXPRESSING THEIR THOUGHTS AND IDEAS, REGARDLESS OF THEIR
POSITION WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION.
•CONFLICT RESOLUTION: ADDRESS CONFLICTS AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS
PROMPTLY AND CONSTRUCTIVELY TO PREVENT THEM FROM BECOMING
BARRIERS TO FUTURE COMMUNICATION.
•TRAINING AND EDUCATION: PROVIDE COMMUNICATION TRAINING FOR
INDIVIDUALS AND TEAMS TO ENHANCE THEIR COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND
AWARENESS OF POTENTIAL BARRIERS.
•TIME MANAGEMENT: ALLOCATE SUFFICIENT TIME FOR IMPORTANT
COMMUNICATION TASKS, PREVENTING RUSHED OR INCOMPLETE MESSAGES.
•VISUAL AIDS: WHEN CONVEYING COMPLEX INFORMATION, USE VISUAL
AIDS LIKE CHARTS, GRAPHS, OR DIAGRAMS TO ENHANCE UNDERSTANDING.
•REDUCE EMOTIONAL BARRIERS: ENCOURAGE A SUPPORTIVE AND
EMPATHETIC ENVIRONMENT WHERE INDIVIDUALS CAN EXPRESS THEIR
EMOTIONS AND CONCERNS FREELY.

BY APPLYING THESE STRATEGIES, INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS CAN

PROACTIVELY ADDRESS BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION, LEADING
TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING, COOPERATION, AND SUCCESSFUL OUTCOMES.
ANY DOUBTS..????
THANK YOU..!!