Introduction

Why Power is required?

Why Electrical Power is required?

 Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic induction?

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 Classification of Power Plants
 Conventional (non-
renewable) sources of energy
 Thermal power plant
 Nuclear(Atomic) power plant
 Hydro electric (Hydel) power plant
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 Non-conventional(renewable)
sources of energy
 Solar power plant
 Wind power Plant
 Wave power plant
 Tidal power plant
 Geothermal power plant
 Bio-mass power plant
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 Selection of Site for Thermal
Power Plants (Coal)
 Availability of Coal
 Availability of Water
 Availability of land and its nature
 Ash Disposal Facility
 Transport Facilities
 Availability of a Labour
 Public Problems

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 TOPOGRAPHICAL LAYOUT OF STPP

4 KM 32 KM
43.5 KM

17.2 KM

8.6 KM
400 KV Lines To
Gajwel, 400 KV Lines To
(LILO at Ramdugu ) Nirmal 03/21/2024
(LILO at Sundhilla) 4
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 Introduction to Thermal Power
Plants (Coal)
Chemical Energy (Coal)

By Oxidation

Thermal Energy (Steam)

By Prime mover

Mechanical Energy (Speed)

By Generator

Electrical Energy (Power)

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 Rankine Cycle

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 Classification of Power Plants

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 Components Power Plants
1. Boiler and Auxiliaries: 2. Turbine and Auxiliaries:

 Boiler  Turbine (HP/IP/LP)

 Forced Draft (FD) Fans  Condenser
 Primary Air (PA) Fans  Condensate Extraction Pumps (CEP)
 Induced Draft (ID) Fans  LP Heaters
 Pulverises  Dearator
 Air Pre Heater  Boiler Feed Pumps (BFP)
 Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)  HP Heaters
 Seal Air Fans
 Scanner Air Fans
 Chimney
3. Generator and Auxiliaries:

 Generator
 Exciter and Pilot Exciter
 Primary Water System
 Hydrogen System
 Seal Oil System
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 Departments of Power Plants
1. Various Departments of (O&M) are: 2. Departments of Non (O&M):

 Coal Handling Plant (CHP)  Finance Department

 Boiler Maintenance Department (BMD)  Contracts & Purchase &
 Turbine Maintenance Department (TMD) Stores Department
 Control and Instrumentation (C&I)  Personal Department
 Electrical Maintenance Department  Civil Department
(EMD)
 Operation
 Ash Handling Plant ( AHP)
 DM Plant
 Balance of Plant (BoP)
 Operation and Efficiency Department
 Maintenance Planning (MTP)
 Environment Department
 Fire and Safety Department

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 Basics of Combustion
Combustion:

 Combustion is nothing but Oxidation of Fuel accompanied by Heat or

Heat & Light.

 For Effective Combustion, 3 ‘T’s are required.

1. Temperature
2. Time and
3. Turbulence

 The basic elements, comprising by coal, responsible for combustion are

Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen.

 Carbon, Hydrogen and Sulphur in the fuel combine with Oxygen and
forms Carbon dioxide, Water Vapor and Sulphur dioxide accompanied by
8084 kCal/kg, 28,922 kCal/kg and 2224 kCal/kg of heat respectively.

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 Basics of Combustion
Combustion:

 Under Certain conditions, less oxygen, Carbon combines with oxygen

and produces carbon monoxide accompanied by 2430 kCal/kg.

 Formation of carbon monoxide means loss of 5654 kCal/kg of heat,

means in efficient combustion.

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 Basics of Combustion
Stoichiometric Air:
 The amount of air required for complete combustion of fuel is called as
Stoichiometric air. This depends upon the elemental constituents of the fuel that
is Carbon, Sulphur and Hydrogen etc.

 As per the combustion equations, for complete combustion

1. 1 kg of Carbon requires 8/3 kg’s of Oxygen (produces 11/3 kg’s of
CO₂)
2. 1 kg of Hydrogen requires 8 kg’s of Oxygen (produces 9 kg’s of
H₂O)
3. 1 kg of Sulphur requires 1 kg of oxygen (produces 2 kg’s of SO ₂)

 The air contains 23% oxygen by weight. That means for every 1 kg of Oxygen,
4.35 kg of Air is required. So for complete combustion
1. 1 kg of Carbon requires 11.6 kg’s of air
2. 1 kg of Hydrogen requires 34.8 kg’s of air
3. 1 kg of Sulphur requires 4.35 kg’s of air

 The theoretical air required for combustion is

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 Basics of Combustion
Excess Air:

 In practical, mixing never be perfect, a certain amount of excess air is required

for complete combustion of the fuel.

 Excess air in the Flue gas can be known by

or

 High Excess air, more than required for complete combustion, leads to more
stack losses due to increase in mass of flue gas.

 Low excess air, less than required for complete combustion, leads to
incomplete combustion and smoke.
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 Coal Circuit
 The received coal from the mines (-200 mm size) is either stacked in the
coal yard or bunkered in the Bunkers (located above the Pulverisers)
through Belt and Conveyor System after crushing it to -20 mm size.

 Pulverisers grind the coal (almost 70 µ)and then is taken to the Boiler
from Pulveriser by means of Primary air.

 Pulverisers receive the coal from Coal bunkers via Raw Coal Feeders
(RCF).

 Coal Bunkers are having a capacity of almost 12 hours Pulveriser

capacity.

 Pulverised quantity through a pulveriser can be changed by varying the

speed of the RCF.

 Moisture of pulverised coal is also removed by Primary air while

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 Air and FG Circuit
 The total air required for combustion is supplied by FD Fans and PA Fans.

 PA fans - Primary Air, FD Fans – Secondary Air

 The Primary and Secondary air gets heated in the Air Pre Heater.

 The gases produced during combustion is called Flue gas.

 In APH, heat transferring takes place from Hot flue gas to both Primary Air
and Secondary Air.

 APH comprising of Baskets, made up of heating elements, mounted on

sector plates and is rotating. While rotating through the Flue gas duct these
baskets are getting heated (Heat is transferred from Flue gas to APH
baskets) and while rotating through the Primary and Secondary air ducts the
air is getting heated (heat is transferred from APH baskets to Primary air
and Secondary air).
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 Air and FG Circuit
 The hot air enters the boiler and helps in combustion of fuel in the Boiler.

 The flue gases, after combustion in the boiler furnace, pass around the
boiler tubes, heating the water present in the tubes.

 The flue gases then pass through Divisional panel SH, Platen SH, Front
Coil Reheater, Rear Coil Reheater, Low Temperature SH (LTSH),
Economizer and APH.

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 Air and FG Circuit
 While passing all these circuits the heat is transferring from Flue gas to the
respective elements and heating the corresponding medium, which is inside
i.e. steam, feed water, Primary air and Secondary Air. The flue gas
temperature at Furnace Exit and APH outlet is around 850 ℃ and 135 ℃
respectively.

 The flue gases then pass through a dust collector known as ESP . The dust
collection efficiency of ESP is 99.9%.

 The filtered flue gases then leave to atmosphere via chimney at a very high
elevation (250 m) by Induced Draught fans.

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 Water and Steam Circuit
 The superheated steam from the Boiler allowed to enter into the steam
turbine (175 kg/cm2 and 537 ℃) via Stop and Control valves.

 The steam then expands in the turbine causing the turbine blades to rotate.
After doing mechanical work on the blades, the steam looses its energy
(0.1043 kg/cm2 and 45 ℃).

 The steam then passes through a condenser where it looses all its latent
heat to the Condenser cooling water and becomes water (Condensate,
45℃). Condensate is collected in the hot well.

 Plenty of water is required for condensing the steam in the Condenser. The
water may be taken from sources such as river or lake (Pranahita River and
Godavari River).

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 Water and Steam Circuit
 The Condensate from hot well is pumped to Dearator by CEP’s through
LP heaters.

 In the Dearator dissolved oxygen is removed by Dearation. From

Dearator onwards the condensate is called as Feed water.

 The Feed water from Dearator is pumped to Boiler through HP heaters and
Economizer.

 In the Economizer, Feed water is getting preheated by receiving heat from

the flue gases, that are leaving the Boiler. It improves the Boiler Efficiency.

 Heating the Condensate in the LP Heaters and Feed water in the HP heaters
improves the Turbine Heat Rate.

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 Advantages & Disadvantages

 Advantages of thermal power plant :

 Low initial cost

 Since located near the load centre, the cost of transmission and the losses
due to transmission are considerably reduced.

 The construction and commissioning of thermal power plant takes lesser

period.

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 Advantages & Disadvantages

 Disadvantages of thermal power plant:

 Fuel is a non-renewable source of energy.

 Efficiency decreases with decreasing size of the unit.

 Cost of power generation is high.

 Smoke produced by burning the fuel causes air pollution.

 Ash Utilisation

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 Pulveriser and Feeder

Pulveriser Raw Coal Feeder

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 FD and PA Fans

FD Fan PA Fan
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 ID Fan and ESP

ID Fan ESP
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 APH and DM Storage tanks

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 Turbine, Generator & Exciter

Turbine & generator Exciter

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 Condenser & LP Heaters

Condenser LP Heaters
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 Boiler Feed Pumps

MDBFP TDBFP
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 GT & SWYD

Generating Transformer Switch yard

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 STPP HMBD

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 Thank You

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