SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

DEFINITION:
are infections that are transmitted by direct contact with the genital organs.

 Until

the 1980s syphilis and gonorrhoea were the best known and most serious of the STIs.
been around since ancient times

Gonorrhoea

Syphilis

since about 1493 from Americas via Captain Columbus.

IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS: HIV

HUMAN

is now considered the most dangerous STI

 The

number of STIs in developed countries were declining as people became more educated about safe-sex practices has been a gradual increase of STIs in recent

BUT
There

years.
-

In USA STIs are the most prevalent communicable diseases after the common cold. vaccine available.

No

Cannot

buildup resistance or immunity to STIs.

GONNORRHOEA

GONORRHOEA
The

clap

Mainly

affects the mucus membranes of the excretory and reproductive systems, the rectum and occasionally the eyes. by the bacterium: Neisseria gonorrhoea during sexual intercourse

Caused

Transmitted:

Discharge

of pus is the source of transmission

GONORRHOEA

Affects: both males and females

Symptoms: 2 10 days after infection Females might not have symptoms Males: bacterium enters the urethra Burning sensation in penis
Extreme pain on urination Lack of treatment can lead to: spread of infection to other organs Cause sterility Arthritis Heart problems

 Females:

bacterium enters the vagina and spreads to urethra and cervix Usually no pain Pus discharge usually thought of as normal vaginal discharge

Lack

of treatment can lead to: spread of infection to other organs

Spread to oviducts Spread to abdominal membranes Cause sterility

 Treatment:

Antibiotics

Some

strains of the disease are resistant to some antibiotics of a vaccine is the goal of medical

Development

authorities

SYPHILIS

SYPHILIS
The

Pox after a shepherd who had the disease.

Named

Caused

by the spiral shaped bacterium: Treponema pallidum

Transmitted:

during sexual contact

 Affects:

both males and females in the same ways Symptoms: 10 days to 10 weeks after infection 3 stages of disease:
Primary

bacterium enters the body through a break in the skin. Small sores on the sex organs heals in 3-8 weeks

 Secondary:

usually starts a few weeks after primary

stage
Can be delayed up to 12 months Skin rashs, sore or ulcerated mouths, disorders of the bones
This

stage lasts for up to 2 years after infection

 Tertiary:

latent period where there are no symptoms for many years.

Lack

of treatment can lead to: spread of infection to other organs, nervous system, Insanity, physical incapacity, can transfer across the placenta and infect the foetus.

SYPHILIS
Treatment:

Antibiotics Some strains of the disease are resistant to some antibiotics women are tested for STIs.

Pregnant Pregnant

women are given antibiotics if they have syphilis this will provide treatment to the foetus as well as the woman.

HEPATITIS B
Highly

infectious viral disease .

Spread

through the transmission of body fluid. - usually transmitted in infected blood but also in other body fluids. inflammation of the liver.

HEPATITIS:

Over

90% of persons infected with HIV also have Hepatitis B.

HEPATITIS B
Symptoms: Flu-like

symptoms including: Fatigue, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and muscle aches, skin may be yellow (jaundice).

Liver failure can occur Liver transplant would be necessary.

HEPATITIS B
Treatment:
No

cure is available for hepatitis B. - can be given medication to manage the disease series of 3 injections

Prophylaxis:

LESSON 2

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

-

HIV

The Human Immunodeficiency virus causes progressive damage to the bodys immune system.

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

-

AIDS

The destruction of the immune system which leaves a person susceptible to infection by other microorganisms and to some forms of cancer.
is a fatal disease NO CURE.

AIDS

HIV
HIV

is a retro virus

contains
HIV

an RNA core

infects white blood cells T-lymphocytes and uses them to produce more of the virus.

HIV

virus attaches itself to a cell with a surface molecule called a cluster designation 4 (CD4). This is how the HIV virus fuses with a human cell.

 The

process of infection destroys the Tlymphocytes until there are not enough of them left in the body to protect it from infection.

STAGES OF INFECTION
Persons

infected with HIV are classified into categories depending on the stage of the disease and their symptoms.

A Category B Category C

Category

CATEGORY A - HIV
Newly infected individuals develop HIV within 2 weeks of exposure to the virus. Called: seroconversion

Symptoms similar to glandular fever: Severe lack of energy Fevers Headache Continual dry cough Swollen lymph nodes Painful muscles and joints

Symptoms finish after 3 14 days

CATEGORY A - HIV
Asymptomatic stage for a period of up to 10 years there are no symptoms However the person is highly infectious.

CATEGORY B - HIV
Several

months to several years after infection the person will progress to category B. count drops considerably

T-lymphocyte Development

of illness called: Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (AIDS related complex).

CATEGORY B - HIV

Symptoms:

Swelling in the neck, armpits, groin Diarrhoea Fatigue Weight loss over 5 kg for no apparent reason Continual dry cough Unexplained bleeding Shortness of breath Nervous system impairment Inability to think clearly Loss of memory/judgement

CATEGORY C - HIV
Most Have

people in this category have developed AIDS. various serious conditions including:

Pneumonia Cancers Brain Some

disorders

people infected with HIV do not progress to this stage

SPREAD OF HIV
has

spread rapidly around the world does not survive long outside of the human

Virus

body.
Infected

body fluids must be passed directly into a persons bloodstream

SPREAD OF HIV
Body

fluids that are able to carry enough HIV to be infectious:

Blood Seminal

fluid Vaginal and cervical fluids Breast milk

Even

though HIV is found in other body fluids it is not in large enough quantities to be infectious

 HIV

can be spread by:

Unprotected

sexual intercourse Sharing of needles From infected mother to embryo/child Breastfeeding Unscreened blood transfusions

PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
Dont

have sexual intercourse Dont inject drugs Only have protected sex No sharing any objects that have been contaminated by human blood Do not let cuts or sores come into contact with human blood

DIAGNOSIS OF HIV
Blood

test to check for HIV antibodies 2 6 weeks after suspected infection.

Follow-up

test is recommended 10 12 weeks after first test if it is negative to be sure that no antibodies have developed.
LOAD

VIRAL Blood

test to that gives an indication of the activity of the HIV virus.

TREATMENT
NO

cure for HIV

Many

investigations and drug trials are being carried out around the world for a cure. mixture (cocktail) of drugs are prescribed to HIV patients to inhibit the reproductive cycle of the virus. are being trialled

Vaccines

AIDS
First
By

AIDS case in Australia was 1982

11.26 NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV CASES(a), AIDS cases and deaths following AIDS(b)

2000: 9754 cases 5751 had died.

Year of diagnosis

Prior to 2003

2003

2004

2005

2006

Total

HIV cases(a) AIDS cases(b) AIDS deaths(b)

22 529 9 172 6 353

871 242 91

908 201 107

962 243 78

998 261 94

26 268 10 119 6 723

(a) Not adjusted for multiple reporting. (b) AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in the years from 2002 were adjusted for reporting delays; AIDS cases diagnosed and deaths following AIDS in previous years were assumed to be completely reported. Source: 'HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2007', National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

CHLAMYDIA
Previously Organism: bacterium

known as non-specific urethritis (NSU) Chlamydia trachomatis

Treatment
Infects

with antibiotics

both men and women

CHLAMYDIA
Symptoms Yellow,

only show in men:

pus like discharge Burning sensation on urination

Long

term damage in men:

Inflammation Sterility

of epididymis epididymitis

CHLAMYDIA
Long

term damage in women:

Pelvic

inflammatory disease (PID) Infertility Ectopic pregnancies can occur

Diagnosis

of Chlamydia in women is confirmed by cervical swab. chance that disease will be passed on to foetus during birth

70%

GENITAL HERPES
Increasingly Herpes

common

simplex type 1 produces cold sores on

the lip
Herpes

simplex type 2 results in blisters on

genitals
Disease

is not curable

Symptoms: Painful blisters on penis/labia and vagina

Virus can reinfect at any time and the blisters will recur
Can cause serious malformations and lifethreatening diseases in children bornto infected mothers. - children get delivered by caesarean section

TREATMENT
Medication

to reduce the pain Sexual abstinence during blister eruption Anti-viral drugs
Vaccine

available for women does not work for men

GENITAL WARTS
Caused

by a virus:

human papillomavirus

Associated

with cervical cancer detected by a PAP

smear
Usually Also A

found: Vagina, Labia, Cervix, Penis

found: Anus & Throat

newborn child can become infected during passage through birth canal

PUBIC LICE AND SCABIES

Both

cause intense itching in the genital area (insect) Phthirus pubis (mite) Sarcoptes scabei

Louse

Scabies

Intense

scratching due to allergic reaction to the lice or their faeces through either sexual contact or sharing same bed

Transmission

TRICHOMONIASIS
Infection

caused by a protozoan Trichomonas

vaginalis
Causes

inflammation of the mucus membranes of the vagina in women and the urethra in men. in women:

Symptoms
Vaginal No

discharge and severe vaginal itch

symptoms in men

CONTROL OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

What

can be done to decrease the incidence of sexually transmitted infections?

Effective

health education Safe sex practises Identifying high risk groups Sexual health clinics Tracing of sexual contacts