Exogenic Processes

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EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
EXOGENIC PROCESSES 02
The forces that drive changes on Earth are known as endogenous

and exogenous processes, and they are always at work. For
thousands of years, these processes have driven the production of
rocks and minerals, geomorphological processes, volcanism,
plate movement, and tectonic and seismic movement on Earth,
and they are also influenced by the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
biosphere.
EXOGENIC PROCESSES 03
EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE THOSE THAT OCCUR AT OR NEAR

THE EARTH'S SURFACE AND CAUSE THE SURFACE TO WEAR
AWAY; THEY ARE VERY DESTRUCTIVE AND ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEGRADATION AND SCULPTION OF
THE EARTH'S SURFACE. ITS PRIMARY SOURCE ENERGY
COMING FROM THE SUN WHICH DRIVES THE WEATHER AND
THE CLIMATE. EXOGENIC PROCESSES INCLUDES
WEATHERING, EROSION, TRANSPORTATION, AND
DEPOSITION.
Exogenic processes | 04
Exogenic processes | weathering | 05
Weathering is the gradual destruction of rock under surface conditions, dissolving it, wearing it
away or breaking it down into progressively smaller pieces. It may involve physical processes,
called mechanical weathering, or chemical activity, called chemical weathering. Some
geologists also include the actions of living things, or organic weathering. These organic
weathering forces can be classified as mechanical or chemical or a combination of both..
Exfoliation is a form of mechanical weathering in which

curved plates of rock are stripped from rock below. This
results in exfoliation domes or dome-like hills and rounded
boulders. Exfoliation domes occur along planes of parting
called joints, which are curved more or less parallel to the
surface .This is caused by a rock that is formed
underground experiencing high pressure, when this rock is
brought tot the surface by uplift, the high pressure is
released due to removal of overburden. Can be also called
as Onion skin weathering.
Frost wedging.
the mechanical weathering, splitting or break-up of rock by the pressure of water freezing in cracks, crevices, pores, joints
or bedding planes.
water seeps into cracks in a rock, expands on freezing, and thus enlarges the
cracks
Root wedging happens when plant roots work themselves into cracks, prying the bedrock apart as they grow.
Salt weathering is a type of physical weathering caused by the growth and thermal expansion of salt crystals.
When saltwater seeps into rocks and then evaporates on a hot sunny day. Salt crystals grow within cracks and
pores in the rock, and the growth of these crystals can push grains apart, causing the rock to weaken and break.
Thermal Expansion
When rock is exposed to high temperatures, it expands and as the temperatures cool, it contracts. This continual
expansion and contraction cause the rocks to weaken and eventually break into pieces.
other physical weathering:

Burrowing animals - can push open cracks and contracts and move rock fragments.
Human activities- such as digging and blasting.
the wind- with its load of fine rock particles, wind may rub or abraid may be broken to pieces
the beating force of water- the exposed rock in river bank can be observed to have smooth, rounded
surface. wave action can cut rot rock to pieces. For example, the mushroom-like shapes of the islands in
Hundred islands
In chemical weathering, the composition of the rock is altered. a new product which easily
crumbles to pieces is formed. Chemical weathering is brought about by a chemical reaction
between the minerals in the rocks and carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, or acids.
• dissolution - happens in certain mineral which are dissolved in water
• hydrolysis- occurs when water reacts with the minerals and breaks them down.
• oxidation, or the reaction of oxygen with the minerals in the rocks, forms oxides.
• hydration occurs when water is absorbed into the crystal structure of the mineral,
causing it to expand.
Exogenic processes | erosion and transport | 15
Erosion is the removal and separation of weathered and unweathered rocks and soil from its substrate due to
gravity or transporting agents like wind, ice, or water. It involves abrasion, plucking, scouring, and dissolution.
while weathering occurs so slowly that it is seldom noticed, erosion can be more rapid ,in some cases
weathering and erosion occur simultaneously and it is hard to draw a line between them. wave action, for
instance, can be considered an erosive force too. After the rocks are broken into pieces, they are carried away
just as fast. Transport involves processes by which sediments are moved along from the source to where they
are deposited
Wind erosion commonly occurs in flat, bare areas or dry, sandy, and loose soils. The wind blows loose
particles of other rock and soil from place to place. this process is also called deflation. large areas where
no plants grow are epxosed to rapid wind erosion. The rock particles picked up are deposited elsewhere,
forming hills of sand called sand dunes.
When the wind blows rock particles away and they wear down exposed rock surface, this process is called abrasion.
There are dust storms too, very strong winds picks up soil and blows it over great distances
Glaciers - glacier is a permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow and shows evidence of movement due to
the gravity. Glaciers have enormous erosive power. As a rock move over a rock, it acts like a bulldozer; the rocks and soil at the
surface are scraped off and grinded against the mixture of ice and rocks. It moves slowly but erodes downwards rapidly, forming U-
shaped valleys.
Water is the greatest agent of erosion, water is the most common erosion
agent. Compared to other agents, running water accomplished the greatest
change on earth by erosion. Sediments are moved in four ways.
• Traction - rolling or dragging of large grains aided by the push of smaller
grains
• saltation - bouncing of sand grains as they are picked up, carried along,
and dropped repeatedly
• suspension- movement of fine particles like silt and clay
• solution - movement of soluble minerals like salt
stream - the steeper the slope where the strem flows, the
fater the stream will flow, and more materials will be
carried by its force. Swift streams can erode more materials
and carry their load farther than slower streams
raindrops - falling on the soil exert pressure with their
weight. The force of the wind adds to the force with which
they strike the earths surface. as such, they can cause a
noticeable movemnt of the soil. If the soil is loose and is
not protected by a covering on the surface, then a large
amount of its lost through raindrop erosion, also called
splash erosion.
Mass wasting or mass movement is the downslope movement of rock, soil, and ice due to
gravity. The factors that contribute to the occurrence of mass wasting are the following
• relief - gravity pulls materials at higher elevations to lower elevations.
• slope stability - the balance between the downslope force caused by gravity and resistance
force due to friction: lope failure occurs when the downslope force is greater
• fragmentation and weathering - intact rock is held together by chemical bonds within
minerals, by mineral cement, and by the interlocking of grains, while a fragmented rock is
held only by friction between fracture planes or by weak electrical charges between grains.
Mass occurs when the balance between the

resisting force and downslope force is
disrupted. this could occur through.
• vibrations- can break any remaining
bonds between grains or surfaces,
thereby decreasing friction.
• changes in the slope angle, load, and
slope support add to the instability of a
slope
• the stability of slopes also depends on
the composition of materials.
Exogenic processes | deposition | 26
Deposition is the laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice.
Sediment can be transported as pebbles, sand and mud, or as salts dissolved in water.
Salts may later be deposited by organic activity or by evaporation. The area where
sediments are deposited is called sedimentary environtment. like:
• Glacial environment, at the end of the glacier, a pile of clay to boulder sized
sediments called glacial till and glacier sediment that is much finer than sand called
glacier flour can be found.
2. Mountain stream environment - conglomerates(is a clastic sedimentary rock that is 3. mountain front environment - this environment are
composed of a substantial fraction of rounded to subangular gravel-size clasts.) hotspots for alluvial fan, a landform primarily
usually form in this environment composed of sand- to boulder-sized sediments
4. desert environment - sand dunes and loess deposits. sediments from solution called 5. Lake environment - shale can form in this
evaporites are also formed when temporary lakes in the desert dry up. environment
6. River environment - mud is deposited on floodplain after flood events 7. Delta environment- upper part mostly consists
pebbles and sand are deposited on the inner bend of a meander. Beds of sand and coarse sand and gravel, middle portions contains sand
pebble form lenses alternating with silt an mud layers and silt, basal portion is mostly silt and clay.
8. Beach environment - well sorted and well rounded sand grains 9. Shallow marine environment- carbonate sediments
and limestone.
deep marine environment - turbudite, chalk and chert

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Exogenic Processes

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Exogenic Processes

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The forces that drive changes on Earth are known as endogenous

EXOGENIC PROCESSES ARE THOSE THAT OCCUR AT OR NEAR

Exfoliation is a form of mechanical weathering in which

other physical weathering:

Mass occurs when the balance between the

deep marine environment - turbudite, chalk and chert

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