1 Introducing Science 中 /EN

Flipped classroom

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A.Steps in scientific investigations

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Do you know how

scientists work to
find things out?

Let us read the story of the famous scientist

Galileo (564 – 1642) to see how scientists work.

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In the past, people believed that heavier

objects fall faster than lighter objects.
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Galileo observed that hailstones of different

sizes fell to the ground at the same time.
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Perhaps all objects

have the same
falling speed.

He then formed a hypothesis to explain

what he observed.
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An experiment was done to test his

hypothesis. Two balls of different masses were
dropped from the top of a tower.
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It was found that the two balls fell to the ground

at the same time.

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Heavy and light

objects fall at the
same speed.

He analysed the results and drew a conclusion.

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How do scientists find things out?

Scientists find things out by conducting
scientific investigations.
They first observe carefully and systematically.

Observe

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How do scientists find things out?

They think about the observations and ask
questions.
Then, they form a hypothesis (plural:
hypotheses) to explain the observations.

Form a
Observe hypothesis

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How do scientists find things out?

They test the hypothesis by doing experiments.
In the experiments, they measure accurately
and record the experimental results in detail.

Form a Design and do

Observe hypothesis experiments

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How do scientists find things out?

Finally, they analyse the experimental results
and draw a conclusion.

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

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The importance of evidence

Science is based on evidence.
When scientists work, they try to find evidence
(including observations and data) in the
experiments to support their hypothesis.

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

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The importance of evidence

If there is enough evidence, the hypothesis is
believed to be correct and becomes acceptable
Results support
scientific knowledge. Becomes acceptable the hypothesis
scientific knowledge

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

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The importance of evidence

However, scientific knowledge is subject to
change. It may be disproved if new evidence is
Results support
found. Becomes acceptable the hypothesis
scientific knowledge

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

Modify the
hypothesis Results do not support
the hypothesis
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When we study science, we should not regard

scientific knowledge only as facts to memorize.
Results support
Becomes acceptable the hypothesis
scientific knowledge

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

Modify the
hypothesis Results DO NOT support
the hypothesis
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Activity 1.4

Steps in scientific
investigations

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Activity 1.4 Are all objects made of

metals attracted by a
Kate observes that metal magnet?
paper clips are magnetic,
that is, they can be
attracted by a magnet.
To explain this observation,
she forms a hypothesis
that ‘Objects made of
metals are magnetic’.

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Activity 1.4
Now, complete this activity to help her test her
hypothesis.
Step 1: Observe
What observation does Kate make?
A magnet _____________________________
attracts metal paper clips.
Step 2: Form a hypothesis
What hypothesis does Kate form?
Objects made of metals are magnetic.
______________________________________
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Activity 1.4
Step 3: Design and do experiments
Collect different objects made of metals.
Below are some examples.
coin aluminium can silver necklace
iron nail copper wire keyring
gold medal stainless steel spoon binder clip

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Activity 1.4
Step 3: Design and do experiments
Help Kate design a simple experiment to test her
hypothesis. Draw your experimental set-up
in the space provided when necessary. Then,
perform the experiment with your teacher’s
approval.
1. Place a magnet near some iron nails.
______________________________
______________________________
2. Observe if the iron nails are attracted by the magnet.

______________________________
3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 by replacing the iron nails with
______________________________
other objects made of metals.

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Activity 1.4
Step 4: Analyse
What results do you get from your experiment?
Write the results below.

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Activity 1.4
Step 5: Draw a conclusion
(a)Do the experimental results support the
hypothesis?
No.
____________________________________

(b)What conclusion can you draw from the

results of your experiment?
____________________________________
Not all objects made of metals are magnetic.

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Scientists find things out by carrying out

scientific investigations. They first _________,
observe
ask questions and form a _________.
hypothesis Then,
they design and do experiments. Finally, they
analyse the results and draw a __________.
conclusion

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When scientists find things out by conducting

scientific investigations, they need to use a lot of
skills, including:
• observing
• classifying
• designing investigations
• do experiments
• inferring
• communicating

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The above skills are collectively known as

science process skills.

• observing
• classifying
• designing investigations
• do experiments
• inferring
• communicating

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

Observing a
burning candle

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

Material and apparatus

candle 1
white tile 1
gas lighter 1

Caution
• Do not touch the melted • Tie up long hair, school ties
wax. It can burn you. and any loose clothing.

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

1. Your teacher will show you a burning candle.

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

2. Observe the burning candle carefully. Write

as many observations as you can in three
minutes.

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
1. How many observations did you make?
_____________________________________

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
2. A scientist named Michael Faraday (1791-
1867) made 53 observations of a burning
candle. Who in your class made the largest
number of observations? How many
observations did he or she make?
_____________________________________

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B.Types of scientific investigations

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1. Fair tests

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To find out the answers to

different questions,
scientists conduct different
types of scientific
investigations.

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In most scientific
investigations, scientists
need to design an
experiment to test the
hypothesis formed.

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When they design the

experiment, they have to
make sure that it is a fair
test.

Do you know
what a fair test
is?
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Activity 1.5

Is the experiment fair?

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Activity 1.5
Three students want to find out whether a paper
cup or a foam cup can do better in keeping the
temperature of a hot drink. Each of them does an
experiment.

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Activity 1.5
They pour hot water of 70 °C into each cup and
then use a thermometer to measure the water
temperature after 20 minutes.

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Activity 1.5
Their experimental set-ups are shown below. Are
their experiments fair?
Joe’s experiment is
Joe’s experiment
unfair (fair/unfair)
________
the volumes of
because _______________
the water in two cups
______________________
are different.
______________________
100 cm3 70 cm3
of water of water ______________________

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Activity 1.5
Their experimental set-ups are shown below. Are
their experiments fair?
Amy’s experiment is
Amy’s experiment
unfair (fair/unfair)
________
the sizes
because _______________
of the two cups are
______________________
100 cm3 100 cm3 different.
______________________
of water of water
______________________
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Activity 1.5
Their experimental set-ups are shown below. Are
their experiments fair?
Leo’s experiment is
Leo’s experiment
fair
________ (fair/unfair)
the only difference
because _______________
is the material the cup is
______________________
made of and other factors
______________________
100 cm3 100 cm3
of water of water
are the same.
______________________
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In the experiments on the previous page, there

are many factors (called variables) that can
affect the results.

To make an experiment a fair test, all variables

should be kept the same, except the one you
are investigating.

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The variables in the fair test above can be

summarised in the table below.
Independent variable Dependent variable Controlled variables
(the only variable that is (the variable to be (variables that are kept
changed) measured) the same)
material the cup is water temperature • temperature of
made of after 20 minutes water poured into
the cup
• size of cup
• volume of water

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When designing an
experiment, we should
identify all the variables and
make sure the experiment is
fair.

Otherwise, the experimental

results will not be reliable.

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Activity 1.6

Variables in a fair test

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Activity 1.6
Joe designs an experiment to find out if Brand A
tissue paper is tougher than tissue paper of other
brands. His experimental set-up is shown below.
clamp

Brand A tissue paper

stand

weights

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Activity 1.6
The following table lists the variables in his
experiment. Put a ‘’ in the appropriate boxes.
Independent Dependent Controlled
Variable
variable variable variables
Width of tissue paper 
Length of tissue paper 
Number of weights the
tissue paper can hold 
before it breaks
Brand of tissue paper 
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2. Other types of scientific investigations

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Classifying

Classifying involves comparing the similarities

and differences between objects, and sorting
those with similarities into groups.

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Classifying

Classifying plants Non-flow

we r ing plant ering
Flo plant

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Classifying

Classifying animals

F is h
Bird Mammal

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Classifying

Classifying matter Solid Liquid Gas

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Pattern seeking

Pattern seeking involves observing and

recording natural phenomena, and trying to
find a pattern.

This type of investigation is

common in astronomy and
geology.

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Pattern seeking

Studying the pattern of how the shape

of the Moon changes in a month
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Pattern seeking

Studying the global pattern of

earthquakes and volcano distribution
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Model building

Model building is another type of scientific

investigation. In science, models can represent
objects that are too small or too big to see.

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Model building

Building a DNA model

to show its structure

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Model building

Building a model to
show the solar
system

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There are different types of scientific

investigations, including fair tests, classifying,
pattern seeking, and model building.

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