Bakreswar thermal power plant

presentation
WELCOME
TO OUR
PRESENTATION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• We are the students of MEDINIPUR SADAR GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC and we have completed 12
days of vocational training in BAKRESWAR THERMAL POWER STATION, west bengal power development
corporation limited from 28-02-2024 to 12-03-2024 successfully and gathered detail information regarding
the mechanical and electrical aspect of the plant
• We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our trainers as well as our teachers of simulator &
teacher MR. AMAL KUMAR SAHU who assisted us through this training session, helped us learn and also
prepare this report we would also thank them to giving us the golden opportunity to do this training which
encouraged us to do lot of research work and we came to know about so many new things.
• We would also like to thank every team members for their great effort and contribution to the
prepare this report
 PRESENTED BY

NAME DEPERTMENT COLLEGE NAME EMAIL.ID

SOUMEN SEN ELECTRICAL MEDINIPUR SADAR GOVT. senpapai782@gmail. Com

ENGINEERING POLYTECHNIC
SANDIP MAHATA ELECTRICAL MEDINIPUR SADAR GOVT. sandipmahata615@gmail.com
ENGINEERING POLYTECHNIC
 INTRODUCTION
• THERMAL POWER PLANT CONVERTS THE HEAT ENERGY OF COAL INTO ELECTRICAL
ENERGY. THE COAL HAVE CHEMICAL ENERGY IN THE FURNACE THE CHEMICAL ENERGY
CONVERT INTO HEAT ENERGY AND IN THE BOILER WATER CONVERT INTO STEAM BY
HEAT EXCHANGE THE EXPANSION OF STEAM IN TURBINE PRODUCES IN MECHANICAL
POWER THE POWER TRANSFER INTO THE ALTERNATOR WHICH IS COUPLED WITH
TURBINE AND PRODUCES ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
• IN INDIA 65% OF TOTAL POWER IS GENERATED BY THERMAL POWER STATION.
• THE TOTAL AREA OF BAKRESWAR THERMAL POWER PLANT IS 4275 ACRE.
• THE TOTAL CAPACITY OF BAKRESWAR THERMAL POWER PLANT IS (210*5)1050 MW.
• GENERATING VOLTAGE LEVEL IS 400KV , 220 KV AND 33KV.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
RANKINE CYCLE

RANKINE
CYCLE is a
theoritical but
actual
MODIFIED
RANKINE MODIFIED RANKINE CYCLE
CYCLE is
practicable.
COAL HANDLING PLANT
• DIFFERENCE SOURCES OF COAL BKTPP
1. Eastern coalfield ltd.
2. Mahanadi colliery ltd.
3. Central coalfields ltd.
4. Bharat cooking coal ltd.

• WBPDCL COAL MINE

1. Barjora coal mine
2. Pachchwara coal mine
3. Tara coal mine
4. Dumka coal mine
5. Hazaratpur coal mine
6. Deocha pachami harinsingha dewangang coal
mine ( world 2nd largest)
Raw coal wagon : coal brought to the site through a wagon as per requirement.

Wagon trippler : The coal is unloaded from the wagon and is transported to crushers and
for storage place through conveyor.

Junction tower : it is used where the conveyor has any angular deviation.

Primary crusher : The raw coal is crushed into fine pieces to 45 mm grit. Primary
crusher is also called Rotary breaker since the coal is crushed by a rotating plate.

Secondary crusher : The fine pieces of coal is crushed to powder (to 25mm grit)

Mill bunker : The 25 mm grit coal is crushed into very fine powder for feeding the boiler . WE
will have spare bunker for each boiler.

Boiler
 UNLOADING COAL

TYPES OF WAGON:-
1) BOXN WAGON
• ROTARY TYPE WAGON-TRIPPLER MAXIMUM155° TITLING ANGLE
• FREE UNLOADING TIME - 7HR.

2) BOBR WAGON
• BOTTOM OPEN BOX RACK
• AT TRACK HOPPER
• 16 TO 18 WAGON UNLOADED AT A TIME
• FREE UNLOADING TIME 2 HRS
• Coal is the main ingredient of the thermal power plant. In the thermal power plant at first coal is
unloading by the BOBR ( Bottom open box rack) and BOXN . And store at crushed yard and
uncrushed yard by the help of paddle feeder and vibro feeder. In the crushed yard the crushed
coal (<2cm) will be stored and the uncrushed yard raw coal will be stored. In the BKTPP the
crushed yard capacity 2.5 lack ton. In the crushed yard coal will be stored by the stacker culm
reclaimer. The coal also reclaim by the stacker culm reclaimer And send to the bunker and then
coal send to the coal mill where coal is grind less than 200 mess and used in furnace.
 WATER SYSTEM IN BKTPP
THERE IS TWO SOUECE OF WATER –
 GROUND WATER
• GROUND WATER IS STORE IN THE CLEAN WATER TANK
BY THE HELP OF DEEP TUBE WELL.
• THE CLEAN WATER IS USED FOR AS A DRINKING
WATER IN TOWNSHIP AND PLANT.
• THE CLEAN WATER IS USED FOR AS A SERVICE WATER
FOR AHP PUMP,GLAND SEALING AND COOLING
PURPOSE.
• THIS WATER IS ALSO USED FOR DM WATER PLANT,
 SURFACE WATER
• THE MAIN SOURCE OF SURFACE WATER IS TILPARA
BARRAGE WHICH IS MADE ON MAYURAKSHI RIVER
AND BAKRESWAR BARRAGE WHICH IS MADE ON
BAKRESWAR RIVER.
• IN THE BKTPP THERE IS TWO RAW WATER RESERVOIR
CAPACITY OF 695000 m3 .
• IN THE RAW WATER RESERVOIR 1THE WATER COMING
FROM TILPARA BARRAGE BY THE 6NOS INTAKE PUMP
• IN THE RAW WATER RESERVOIR 2THE WATER COMING
FROM BAKRESWAR BARRAGE BY THE 2NOS INTAKE
PUMP
PRE TREATMENT PLANT
TREAMENT PROCESS :-
1. AERATION PROCESS
2. CHLORINATION PROCESS
3. COAGULATION PROCESS
4. FLOCCULATION PROCESS
5. CLARIFICATION PROCESS
6. FILTRATION PROCESS
AERATION :
 Gases are absorbed or liberated from water.

 Excess CO2 And H2S Are lost.

 Oxygen is picked up from atmosphere.

 Volatile substance liberated by algae growth or decomposing organic matter can be released out.
 Fe & mn Are oxidized and precipitated out.
Chlorination :
 Chlorine is injected into raw water at a dosing rate of 2-5 mg/liter.
 Pre chlorination destroys bacteria & kills algae.
 Oxidizes and precipitates iron and manganese.17
 Reduces color and slime formation.

Coagulation :
 A process by which small particles in suspension join together to form larger agglomerate. Fine suspended
particles and colloids carry positive & negative charges.
 For agglomeration fine particles should come in contact with each other. Mixing promotes the effect but violent
mixing breaks down the attraction between the particles.
Flocculation :
Aluminum & iron salts gives good flocks normally slight acidic ph. 5-6 pH for Fe and 6-7 pH for Al.
Al2(SO4)3+6H2O → Al(OH)3+3H2SO4

When pH of water come down below coagulation ph, then lime ca(oh) 2 is added to raise the pH level.

Clarification :
Water is cleared from most of the suspended particles. It consists of a flash mixer & settler in separate compartments.
Flash mixer chemicals dozed + high speed agitation + retention flocculation chamber → gentle agitation + 20-60
minutes retention.
Settling chamber collection of suspended particles.
FILTRATION :
 Rapid sand filters consists a bed of graded sand of 30mm to 15mm mesh about 0.6m depth and gravel sizes of
2.5mm to 25mm.
 The filter operates between 5-10 cubic meter/hr and capable of removing particles of size 10 microns.
 The filter are designed to backwash once/twice a day by filtered water only.
 DM PLANT

Clean water
pump - 3
Clarrified Degassed
filter water water tank
AC WAC SAC
F

Degassed
water
Dm transfer pump
pump Degassed
Condensate storage tank water tank
MB SBA WBA

Dm water
storage tank
 ACTIUATED CARBON FILTER
• MEDIUM

1. ACTIVATED CARBON
2. CRUSSED GRAVELS OR PEBBLES
• REMOVES
• CHLORINE
• FINE SUSPENDED IMPURITIES IRON,MENGANISE
• WEAK ACID CATION
• RESIN-RCOOH
• REMOVES
• CATION OF BI-CARBONATE SALT

• RCOOH + CA(HCO2) (RCOO)2CA +H2CO3

• STRONG ACID CATION

• RESIN-RSO3H

• REMOVES
• RSO3H+CA(HCO3)2 (RSO3)2CA + H2CO3

• RSO3H+NACL (RSO3)2CA + H2CO3

• RSO3H+NA2SO4 (RSO3)2CA + H2CO3

• RSO3H+CASO4 (RSO3)2CA + H2CO3

• RSO3H+MGSO4 (RSO3)2CA + H2CO3

DEGASSER TOWER
• MEDIUM – PALL RING/RASCHING RING
• WEAK BASE ANION
• RESIN-RNH2
• REMOVES
• STRONG ACIDS AT LOW PH

• RNH2 +HCL RNH2HCL

STRONG BASE ANION

• RESIN-RN(CH3)3OH

• REMOVES
• STRONG ACIDS AT LOW PH AND WEAK ACID

• RN(CH3)3OH+H2SO4 [RN(CH3)3]2SO4 +H2O

• RN(CH3)3OH+HCL RN(CH3)3CL +H2O

• RN(CH3)3OH+H2CO3 [RN(CH3)3]2CO3 +H2O

• RN(CH3)3OH+H2SIO3 [RN(CH3)3]2SIO2+H2O

REGENERATION PROCESS

1. BACK WASH
2. SETTLE
3. ACID/COUSTIC PRE INJECTION
4. ACID/COUSTIC INJECTION
5. FINAL RINCE
 REGENERATION OF WAC

• (RCOO2)CA+HCL RCOOH +CACL2

• REGENERATION OF SAC

• (RSO3)CA +HCL RSO3H +CACL2

• REGENERATION OF WBA

• RNH2HCL + NAOH RNH2 +NACL

• REGENERATION OF SBA

• [RN(CH3)3]2 +NAOH RN(CH3)3OH +NA2CO3

 PARAMETER OF DM WATER
• PH – 6.8 TO 7.2
• SILICA <0.02PPM
• HARDNESS – NIL
• IRON – NIL
• ORGANICS - NIL
 PULVERIZING PLANT
• In modern thermal power plant , coal is pulverized.
• Ground to dust like size and carried to the furnace in a stream of hot air. •
• Pulverizing is a means of exposing a large surface area to the action of oxygen and consequently
helping combustion.
• Pulverizing mills are further classified as:
1. Contact mill
2. Ball mill
3. Impact mill
 DRAFT SYSTEM
The circulation of air is caused by a difference in pressure, known as draft.
Draft is a differential pressure b/w atmosphere and inside the boiler.
It is necessary to cause the flow of gases through boiler setting it may be
1. Natural draft
2. Mechanical draft
• FD FAN
 FD FAN IS USED FOR SUPPLY air in the furnace from atmosphere.
 It is a secondary air fan
 Capacity – 135.4 m3/s
 Total head develop – 623 mmwcl
 Speed – 1080 rpm
 Make – bhel
 Speed regulation – blade pitch control
• Id FAN
 Id FAN IS USED FOR pull the flue gasses from the furnace
 Capacity – 213.2 m3/s
 Total head develop – 390 mmwcl
 Speed – 715 rpm
 Make – bhel
 Speed regulation – variable speed turbo coupling
 BOILER
This system consists of
• Furnace system
• Super heater system
• Re heater system
• LTSH system
• Economizer system
• Air heater system
• PA system
• SA system
• I D system
• Mill system
 PRESSURE PART OF BOILER

• Waterwall
• Economiser
• Superheater

• Reheater
• Boiler drum
 SELCTION OF BOILER
• The working pressure & quality of steam.

• Steam generation.
• Floor area available
• Accessibility for repair & inspection.
• Comparative initial cost.
• Erection facilities.
• The fuel & water available.
 According to geometric orientation of boiler
a) If the axis of boiler is horizontal then it is called horizontal boiler.
Example:- lancashire boiler, locomotive boiler etc
b) If the axis of boiler is vertical then it is called vertical boiler .
Example:- cochran boiler
c) If the axis of boiler is inclined then it is called inclined boiler.
Example:- babcock and wilcox boiler.
According to relative position of water and hot gases
d) Fire tube boilers:- if the hot gases of combustion from the furnace pass through the tubes and water is
surrounding the tubes is called fire tube boilers.
Example:- cochran, lancashire, locomotive etc.
B) water tube boiler:- if the water passes through the tubes and hot gases surrounding the tubes is called water tube
boiler.
Example:- babcock and wilcox boiler, stirling etc.
 ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF FURNACE
A) externally fired boilers:- in this boiler the furnace is placed outside the boiler shell. Generally water tube boilers
are externally fired.
Example:- babcock and wilcox boiler, stirling boiler etc.
B) internally fired boilers:- in this boiler the furnace is placed inside the boiler shell. Generally fire tube boilers are
internally fired.
Example:- lancashire, cochran boiler etc.
According to method of water circulation
a) Natural circulation boilers:- in this boiler, water flow take place naturally, by density difference of water. The
flow of water arid steam are set up due to density difference resulting from difference in temperature.
Example:- lancashire, babcock and wilcox boiler etc.
B) forced circulation boilers:- in this boiler, water flow takes place by a pump.
Example:- benson boiler, lamont boiler, velox boiler etc.
 According to working pressure
High pressure boiler:- boilers producing steam 80 bar and above are called high pressure boilers.
Example:- babcock and wilcox boiler, lamont boilers, velox boilers, benson boilers etc.
Low pressure boiler:- boilers producing steam lower than 80 bar are called low pressure boilers.
Example:- cochran boilers, cornish boiler, lancashire boiler, locomotive boiler etc.
According to mobility of boiler
a) Stationary boiler:- this boiler cannot be moved easily from one place to another place. This are used in power
generation or process heating in industries.
Example:- lancashire, babcock and wilcox boiler.
b) Mobile boiler:- it is portable boiler and can be easily moved. This is used in marine and locomotive.
Example:- locomotive boiler.
 According to numbers of tubes in the boiler
a) Single tube boiler:- this boiler having only one fire or water tube for circulation of hot gases or water.
Example:- cornish boiler.
b) Multi-tube boiler:- this boiler having two or more fire or water tubes for the circulation of hot gases or water.
Example:- locomotive, cochran, lancashire, babcock and wilcox boiler.
• BOILER MAINLY CLASSIFIED AS
1. FIRE TUBE

2. WATER TUBE
 • BOILER ACCESSORIES FOR EFFICIENT OPERATION:
1. Water heating devices.
2. Water feeding devices (feed pump)
3. Super heater
4. Conomizer
5. Air preheater
6. Steam injector
7. Steam separator
8. Steam trap
9. Boiler drought equipments
PRESSURE GAUGE (BOURDON’S)
• IT READS PRESSURE OF THE STEAM IN THE BOILER AND IS CONNECTED TO THE STEAM SPACE
BY THE SIPHON TUBE.
• THE MOST COMMONLY USED GAUGE IS THE BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE
• BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE CONSIST OF:
A) AN ELLIPTICAL SPRING TUBE IS ALSO CALLED BOURDON TUBE, MADE UP OF SPECIAL QUALITY
BRONZE, WHOSE ONE END CONNECTED TO SIPHON TUBE AND OTHER END IS CONNECTED BY
LEVERS AND GEARS TO POINTER.
B) PLUG (P) IS PROVIDED FOR CLEANING THE SIPHON TUBE.
C) SIPHON TUBE IS FILLED WITH COLD WATER TO PREVENT THE HOT STEAM ENTERING INTO THE
BOURDON TUBE AND SPRING TUBE REMAINS COMPARATIVELY COOL.
• WORKING
When fluid pressure acts on the bourdon tube, it tries to make its cross section changes from elliptical to circular.
In this process, lever end of the tube moves out as indicated by an arrow.
The tube movement is magnified by the mechanism and given to the pointer to move over a circular scale indicating
the pressure.
The siphon tube connects the steam space of the boiler to the bourdon gauge
The steam pressure is transferred by water to the bourdon pressure gauge.
 SAFETY VALVES
• Safety valve are located on the top of the boiler.
• They guard the boiler against the excessive high pressure of the steam inside the drum.
• If the pressure of the steam in the boiler drum exceeds the working pressure then the safety
valve allows to blow-off a certain quantity of steam to the atmosphere, and thus the pressure of
the steam falls in the drum.
• The escape of steam makes an audible noise as alarm to warm the boiler attendant.
 • THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF SAFETY VALVES.

A) dead-weight safety valve

B) lever-loaded safety valve
C) spring-loaded safety valve
D) high steam and low water safety valve

A) dead-weight safety valve:

when the steam pressure is greater than the working pressure it lifts the valve with its weights. So the steam
escape from the boiler and the steam pressure thereby decrerases.
• MERITS:
➤ Simplicity of design.
➤ Gives quite a satisfactory performance during operation.
• Demerits
➤ Unsuitable for use on any boiler where extensive vibration and movement are experienced (e.G.,
Locomotive and marine work).
➤ It is not suitable foe high pressure boiler because large amount of weights are required to balance the
steam pressure.
• Uses
➤ It is mainly used for low pressures, low capacity, stationary boilers of the cornish and lancashire types.
B) Lever-loaded safety valve
When the steam pressure becomes greater than the normal working pressure, the valve is lifted with lever
and the weight.
Consequently, the steam escape through the passages between the valve and seat and the steam pressure
decreases.
Disadvantages
➤ It admits of being tempered with and the effect of a small addition to the weight is magnified
considerably in its action on the valve.
C) spring-loaded safety valve
Spring loaded valve is used on locomotive marine and on high pressure boiler.
It consists of
➤ Two steam passages in form of U with two valve
➤ Central helical spring
➤ Extended lever
The operating pressure of the valve is adjusted by varying the tension in the spring.The extended spring is provided
to check the function of valve from time to time.
When upward force of steam exceeds the downward spring tension, the valve open and some steam escapes to
theatmosphere.
Thus lowers the steam pressure in the boiler and the valve are again closed under the spring force.
D) high steam and low water safety valve
It is used in cornish and lancashire boiler.
One of the valve is lever loaded and is operated when steam pressure in the boiler exceeds the working pressure.
The second valve operates and blows off steam with louder noise, when water level in the boiler falls below
the normal level.
STEAM STOP VALVE
• The steam stop valve located on the highest part of the steam space.
• The valve used to regulate the steam supply from the steam pipe to the prime mover (steam
engine or steam turbine) is called stop valve.
• The steam stop valve can be operated manually or automatically.
FEED CHECK VALVE
 It is used to supply the high-pressure feed water to the boiler.
 Feed check valve works as nrv (non- return valve).
 Prevents the back flow of water from the boiler when the feed water pump is either not working
or in case of its failure
 It consist of two valves:
 The feed valve and check valve.The feed valve is operated by a hand wheel for its
opening and closing.
BLOW OFF COCK
FUSIBLE PLUG

• Plugs P and S are made up of Gun Metal.

• Plug S is made up of Copper.
• Plug S is screwed to the
• plug P is locked into plug S by a metal like tin or lead.
• It is a very important safety device which protects the fire- tube boiler shell against overheating.
• It consists of
➤ Gunmetal plug fixed in gunmetal body with fusible molten metal.
• During the normal boiler operation, the fusible plug is covered by water and its temperature does not rise
to its melting state.
• But when the water level falls too low in the boiler, it uncovers the fusible plug.
• The furnace gases heat up the plug, the fusible metal of the plug melts and the inner plug falls down.
• The water and steam then rush through the hole and extinguish the fire before any major damage occurs
to the boiler due to overheating
 Steam trap
Steam trap is used to collect and automatically drain away the water resulted from partial condensation of
steam without steam to escape with this condensate through a valve. The valve after draining the condensate
is closed. Is presses the leakage of steam from the trap.
Antipriming pipe
It is attached below the stop valve to avoid the water D particles being carried away along with steam. It has
closed pipe with closed ends of im and 2m length. The top side of the pipe has perforations. When the steam
passes through it, due to inertia effect, the moisture of steam falls into the pipe and the steam with reduced
moisture passes into the stop valve.
• The function of the blow-off cock is to discharge mud and other sediments deposited in the bottom-most
part of the water space in the boiler, while the boiler is in operation.
• It can also be used to drain off the boiler water.
• Hence it is mounted at the lowest part of the boiler.
• When it is open water under the pressure rushes out, thus carrying sediments and mud.
 TURBINE
Steam turbine:-
• A steam turbine converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy and drives the generator.
• It uses the principle that steam whenissuing from a small opening attains a high velocity.
• This velocity attained during expansion depends on the initial and final heat content of the steam.
• This difference b/w initial and final heat content represents the heat energy converted into kinetic energy.
• These are of two types :-
1. Impulse turbine
2. Reaction turbine
 ALTERNATOR
Alternator:-
•turbine and alternator are mechanical coupled with each other.
•Alternator convert mechanical energy of turbine into electrical energy.
•The electrical output from the alternator is delivered to the bus bar through transformer.
• Make – BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.)
• Active power – 210 mw (output)
• Output current – 9054 amp.
• Output voltage – 15.75kv± 5%
• Generator speed – 3000 rpm
• Power factor – 0.8 lag
 CONDENCER
• Steam after rotating steam turbine comes to condenser refers here to the shell and tube heat exchanger
installed at the outlet of every steam turbine in thermal power stations of utility companies generally.
• These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state, also known
as phase transition.
• In so doing, the latent heat of steam is given out inside the condenser. Where water is in short supply an
air cooled condensers often used.
• An air cooled condenser is however significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam
turbine backpressure (and therefore less efficient) as a surface condenser.
• The purpose is to condense the outlet (or exhaust) steam from steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency
and also to get the condensed steam in the form of pure water, otherwise known as condensate, back to
steam generator or (boiler) as boiler feed water.
 COOLING TOWERS
 A condenser needs huge quantity of water to condense the steam.
 Most plants use a closed cooling system where warm water coming from condenser is cooled and reused.
 Cooling tower is a steel or concrete hyperbolic structure having a reservoir at the base.
 In bktpp forced air cooling fan is used for cooling.
 FEED WATER PUMP
ADVANTAGES OF HEATING WATER BEFORE FEEDING BACK TO THE BOILER:-
• Feed water heating improves overall plant efficiency.
• The dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide which would otherwise cause boiler corrosion are removed in
feed waterheater
• Thermal quantity ofsteam produced by the boiler is increased.
• Some other impurities carried by thesteam and condensate, due to corrosion of boiler and condenser are
precipitated outside the boiler.
 ECONOMIZER
• Flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat.
• An economizer extracts a part of this heat from flue gases and uses it for heating feed water.
• This use of economizer results in saving coal consumption and higher boiler efficiency
 SUPER HEATER
• SUPER HEATER IS A COMPONENT OF A STEAM- GENERATING UNIT IN WHICH STEAM,
AFTER IT HAS LEFT THE BOILER DRUM, IS HEATED ABOVE ITS SATURATION TEMPERATURE.
• THE SUPER HEATER MAY CONSIST OF ONE OR MORE STAGES OF TUBE BANKS ARRANGED
TO EFFECTIVELY TRANSFER HEAT FROM THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION.
• SUPER HEATERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS CONVECTION , RADIANT OR COMBINATION OF
THESE.
 REHEATER
• Some of the heat of superheated steam is used to rotate the turbine where it loses some of its
energy.
• Re-heater is also steam boiler component in which heat is added to this intermediate-pressure
steam, which has given up some of its energy in expansion through the high-pressure turbine.
• The steam after reheating is used to rotate the second steam turbine where the heat is converted to
mechanical energy.
• This mechanical energy is used to run the alternator, which is coupled to turbine , there by
generating electrical energy.
 AIR PRE HEATER
• An air pre heater increases the temperature of air supplied for coal burning
• And it driven from the flue gases.
• Air is drown from the atmosphere by the force of draft fan.
• Air preheaters may be of three types
1. Plate type
2. Tubular type
3. Regenerative type
 ASH HANDLING PLANT
In the ash handling plant we deal with ash. I the furnace have bottom hopper plate . the lighter ash stored in
the bottom and a water circulation is transfer the ash . next the fly ash stored in economizer bottom hopper,
air pre heater bottom hopper , and electro static precipitator hopper . ash handling plant consist of –
1. Bottom ash handling system
2. Coarse ash handling system
3. Fly ash handling system
4. Ash slurry disposal system
5. Recovery water system
6. Utilization of ash
• Bottom ash handling system
In the bottom ash handling system 20% of overall ash is collected. Always water circulating for transfer the
ash
• Coarse ash handling system
In this process the furnace bottom hopper collected ash is procces. And it is transfer to the ash pond.
• Fly ash handling system
the 80% of overall ash is collected by this system.
In the economizer hopper 5% of fly ash is collected.
In the air pre heater hopper 5% of fly ash is collected.

ESP – 90% of fly ash is collected by electro static precipitator

In this process electrically charged plate is used. The ash is get –ve charge by the electrode
and collected by the esp wall that will be +ve charged. And by the hammering process of
the wall ash will be collected.
• Ash slurry disposal system
In this system the ash will be mixed with water form a slurry for transfer the ash to the ash pond.
• Recovery water system
In this process the water of ash slurry is process after the transferring ash to re use
Many filtaration and fluccoration process is done for clean the water
• Utilization of ash
1. In cement factory
2. For making bricks
3. For road construction
4. For land reclamation
 SWITCH YARD
• In bktpp transmitted 400kv , 220 kv and 33kv
• 400 kv supply to the jeerat, arambag
• 220kv supply to the bidhannagar , sadaypur and satgahia
• 33kv supply to the plant and township.
• There is two main bus and 1 transfer bus.
• Switch consist of
1. Gt ( generation transformer)
2. Uat ( unit auxiliary t/f)
3. Reactor t/f.
4. Bus bar
5. Sf6 ckt breaker

6. Isolator
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT):
This transformer is having step up transformation ratio, from the generator terminal voltage to grid voltage
level with OFF-LOAD tap changer.
 Power rating: 150/200/250 mva
 voltage rating: 15.75/420 kv (400 kv system), 15.75/250 kv (220 kv system)
 current rating: 206/275/344 A (HV side), 5499/7331/9164 A (LV side)
 protection: a) overall differential protection b) G.T. HV O/C protection c) G.T. HV restricted E/F
protection d) G.T. HV standby E/F protection e) G.T over fluxing protection f) buchholz protection g) PRV
protection h) oil temperature protection i) winding temperature protection
Unit auxiliary transformer (UAT):
This is a step down transformer with transformation ratio of generator terminal voltage to unit
auxiliary voltage with ON-LOAD tap changer.
 Power rating: 16 mva, voltage rating: 15.75/6.9 kv
 current rating: 586.5/1338.8 a
 Protection: a) differential protection b) HV O/C protection c) HV instantaneous O/C protection
d) LV restricted E/F protection e) LV standby E/F protection f) buchholz protection g) PRV
protection h) OLTC oil surge protection i) oil temperature protection j) winding temperature
protection
BUS: in a power plant ‘buses’ having different voltage grading are used. The bus bar generally
needs a high degree of reliability. However, there remains a possibility of bus fault due to either
failure of circuit breaker of a feeder to interrupt the fault current or insulation failure of the bus bar
due to material deterioration. For HT motors and auxiliary transformers the voltage level of bus is
6.6kv and for LT auxiliary motors the voltage level is of 415volts. 6.6KV and 415volt bus are
divided into two main categories:
 (a) station/ or reserve bus – this type of bus is connected with grid system through step down
transformers (station transformers).
 (B) unit bus – this type of bus is connected with generator through unit auxiliary transformers
(uat15.75kv/6.6kv, 6.6kv/415volt transformer). For evacuation of power, various voltage levels of
buses such as 400kv, 220kv and 33kv have been used. 400kv and 220kv systems have solid
grounding and 33kv system originating from DELTA winding of IBT and station transformer (ST-
3) have been grounded through ZIG-ZAG (neutral grounding) transformer.
Inter bus transformer (IBT):
It is basically an auto-transformer having a tertiary winding. 3 nos. Single ph transformers are used as a bank.
 Power rating: 105 mva (each ph), tertiary side 35 mva
 voltage rating: 400/ 3 (hv) /220/ 3 (iv) /33kv (lv)
 current rating: 455/827/1061 a
 protection: a) differential protection b) dir. O/C & E/F protection for HV & IV c) over fluxing protection for HV &
IV d) HV neutral O/C protection e) LV over current protection f) LV earth fault protection g) buchholz protection
(main tank and OLTC) h) PRV protection i) oil temperature protection j) winding temperature protection other
auxiliary transformer for L.T. Switchgear: this is basically a step down transformer having transformation ratio of
6.6kv to 415 volts. These types of transformer all are of dry type.
• Sf6 circuit breaker

The circuit contacts are opened, the gas flows through the chamber striking the arc. The free electrons
are then absorbed by the SF6 resulting in immobile negative ions. For the arc to extinguish completely,
the insulating strength of the medium should be increased.
• Pantograph
Pantograph isolators are designed for independent single pole operation or three pole electrically
ganged operation. Single or double earth switchs, as required can be fitted onto them. This earth
switch can be operated either manually or by motor.

Current transformar and potential transfornet :

Ct is used for current measurement and pt is used for voltage measurement.
 CONCLUSION

• Thermal power plants are goods that produce electricity.

• As demand for electrical power increases throughout the world, various plants intends to
continue to strive to supply power plants that provide reliability, high performance and low price
in accordance with the need of customers.
THANK YOU