STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
SECOND SEMESTER MIDTERM/3RD QUARTER
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND?

Understanding sampling distribution is crucial in statistics for several

reasons:
1. In Inferential Statistics, sampling distribution allow us to make
inferences about a population based on sample data.
2. In Probability Calculations, sampling distribution help us to calculate
probabilities associated with sample statistics.
3. In Variability Understanding, the sampling distribution provides a
context for interpreting individual sample results.
4. In Parameter Estimation, sampling distribution help us assess the
accuracy of estimate using sample statistics.
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND?

5. In Central Limit Theorem, sampling distribution of the sample mean

approaches a normal distribution, regardless of the population’s
distribution. This property allows us to use normal-based methods
for inference.
6. In Hypothesis Testing, sampling distribution provide the basis for
calculating test statistics and determining p-values.

In conclusion, understanding sampling distribution enables to make

informed statistical decisions, estimate population parameters, and
assess the reliability of our sample-based conclusions.
SCRAMBLED WORD ACTIVITY

Let’s unscramble the following word/s.

LPAM I N G S
BUDISTRINIOT
“SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION”
SCRAMBLED WORD ACTIVITY

Let’s unscramble the following word/s.

MENTECALREP
“REPLACEMENT”
SCRAMBLED WORD ACTIVITY

Let’s unscramble the following word/s.

QUEFRENCY
“FREQUENCY”
SCRAMBLED WORD ACTIVITY

Let’s unscramble the following word/s.

PLESAM
AMEN
“SAMPLE MEAN”
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS

• It is the probability distribution that describes the probability for each

mean of all the samples with the same sample size n.
• It is a frequency distribution using the means computed from all
possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
The means of the samples are less than or greater than the mean of
the population.
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
To find the mean of the sampling distribution of means, us the following
formula:
Alternative formula:

where: where:
sample mean sample mean
total number of observations probability of each sample mean
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS

Example 1:
Consider the population consisting of the values 2, 3, and 5. List all the
possible sample of size 2 that can be drawn from the population with
replacement. Then, compute the mean for each sample. Lastly, find the
mean of the sampling distribution of means and the mean of the
population.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS

Example 1 (Solution):
Means of Samples Drawn with Replacement from the Population (2, 3, 5)
Observation Sample
1 (2, 2) 2.0
2 (2, 3) 2.5
3 (2, 5) 3.5
4 (3, 2) 2.5
5 (3, 3) 3.0
6 (3, 5) 4.0
7 (5, 2) 3.5
8 (5, 3) 4.0
9 (5, 5) 5.0
Sampling Distribution of with Replacement () Mean of the population (2, 3, 5)
Probability ()
2.0
2.5
3.5
2.5 Mean of the Sampling Distribution of
Means
3.0
4.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
Sampling Distribution of with Replacement () Mean of the population (2, 3, 5)
Probability ()
2.0 Mean of the Sampling Distribution
2.5 of Means
3.5
2.5
3.0 Notice that the population mean is
4.0 equal to the mean of the sampling
distribution of the means.
3.5 Therefore,
4.0
5.0
which is the first property of
sampling distribution of sample
means.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS

Variance and Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of

Means with Replacement
Example 2:
Consider a population with values (5, 7, 8).
a. Find the Population Mean
b. Find the Population Variance
c. Find the Population Standard Deviation
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS

Variance and Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of

Means with Replacement
Example 2:
Consider a population with values (5, 7, 8).
d. Find all possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement
from this population.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
Population Parameters
Population Variance
Observatio Population Mean
n
1 5 -1.67 2.7889
2 7 0.33 0.1089 Population Standard Deviation
3 8 1.33 1.7689
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS Sampling Distribution of Means
Observatio Sample
n
1 (5, 5) 5.0
Mean
2 (5, 7) 6.0
3 (5, 8) 6.5
4 (7, 5) 6.0
5 (7, 7) 7.0
6 (7, 8) 7.5
7 (8, 5) 6.5
8 (8, 7) 7.5
9 (8, 8) 8.0
60
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS Sampling Distribution of Means
Standard Deviation
Variance
5.0 -1.67 2.7889
6.0 -0.67 0.4489
6.5 -0.17 0.0289
6.0 -0.67 0.4489
7.0 0.33 0.1089
7.5 0.83 0.6889
6.5 -0.17 0.0289 If we divide the and the size of the samples, we notice that it is
the same as the . Therefore,
7.5 0.83 0.6889
8.0 1.33 1.7689
which is the second property of sampling distribution of sample
means if it is infinite population (with replacement).
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS Sampling Distribution of Means
Standard Deviation
Variance
5.0 -1.67 2.7889
6.0 -0.67 0.4489
6.5 -0.17 0.0289
6.0 -0.67 0.4489
7.0 0.33 0.1089
7.5 0.83 0.6889
The square root of the variance of the sampling distribution is
6.5 -0.17 0.0289 called standard error of the mean. It is the difference between the
7.5 0.83 0.6889 sample mean and the population. Therefore,
8.0 1.33 1.7689 or
which is the third property of sampling distribution of sample
means if it is infinite population (with replacement).
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS

Example 3:
Consider the population with values 2, 4, 6.
a. List all the possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn with
replacement from this population.
b. Find the mean of sampling distribution of means.
c. Find the variance of sampling distribution of means.
d. Find the standard error of sampling distribution of means.
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
a. Observation Sample a.
1 (2, 2) 2
2 (2, 4) 3
3 (2, 6) 4
4 (4, 2) 3
5 (4, 4) 4
6 (4, 6) 5
7 (6, 2) 4
8 (6, 4) 5
9 (6, 6) 6
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
c.
2 -2 4 d.
3 -1 1
4 0 0
3 -1 1
4 0 0
5 1 1
4 0 0
5 1 1
6 2 4
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS

Example 4:
James Mark was a Grade 11 student, receives of 17 or 23 as his score
on his three consecutive 25-item quizzes in Statistics and Probability.

a. Find the mean of sampling distribution of means.

b. Find the variance of sampling distribution of means
c. Find the standard error of sampling distribution of means.
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
Observation Sample
a.
1 (17, 17, 17) 17
2 (17, 17, 23) 19
3 (17, 23, 17) 19
4 (17, 23, 23) 21
5 (23, 17, 17) 19
6 (23, 17, 23) 21
7 (23, 23, 17) 21
8 (23, 23, 23) 23
160
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
b. c.
17 -3 9
19 -1 1
19 -1 1
21 1 1
19 -1 1
21 1 1
21 1 1
23 3 9
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
Questions:
1. How the population mean is the same as the mean of sampling
distribution of the means?
2. How the population variance is the same as the mean of sampling
distribution of the means?
3. How the population standard deviation is the same as standard error
of the sampling distribution of the means?
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
Questions:
1. It is a frequency distribution using the means computed from all
possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
2. The population mean is equal to the _______.
3. When the population variance is divided by the size of the samples,
it is equal to _______.
4. It is the square root of the variance of sampling distribution of means.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEANS
Assignment #7
Part I
Gilbert got a new job in a shoe store at a mall in San Fernando, Pampanga.
The numbers of pair of shoes he was able to sell for 3 days are: 21, 45, 53.
Assume that samples of size 2 are randomly selected with replacement from
this population of three values.
a. Find the sum of each sample mean.
b. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
c. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means.
d. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.