WELCOME EVERYONE

When have you been stranded by a storm or natural

disaster?
When you call on your best friend for help, what do you
need most? Listening, companionship or else?
LESSON 3:
LANDSLIDES
AND SINKHOLES
OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson, the students must be able
to:

1. Identify the nature and types of landslides,

2. Discuss how to reduce risks and prepare for a

landslide, and

3. Explain the nature and formation of sinkholes.

 PHILIPPINES

Compostela Valley, Philippens

What is Landslide?

 Is the downward movement of soil, rocks, and earth materials

along a slope.

 This can be triggered by certain geologic conditions and hazards

such as typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions

 Mining, deforestation, and construction of houses and buildings

adversely affect the land surface.
Bicol region

Tinaan Naga, Cebu

Types of Landslide
 Creep is a slow or gradual movement of soil.
 Slump is the downslope flowage of soft and
unconsolidated materials.
 Rock and debris slide is the slow to rapid downslope movement
of unconsolidated soil and rock debris.
 Rock fall is the free falling movement of massive rocks from
a cliff or steep slopes.
 Debris flow is the rapid flowage of debris and other rock
material.
 Mudflow is the mass movement characterized by a
flowing mass of mud along the flank of a volcano.
LANDSLIDE
PREPAREDNESS
According to DENR-MGB (2007), following are the signs of an
approaching landslide:

1. Leaning door jambs and windows.

2. Cracks in concrete floors and windows.
3. Open spaces between walls and between stairs.
4. Cracks in roads which gradually increase in size.
5. Misalignment or snapping of buried pipes.
6. Bulges on the ground at foot slopes.
7. Emergence of springs or seepages
8. Leaning trees, poles, and retaining walls.
9. Rumbling sound which may increasingly become louder.
While these cannot guarantee full protection, there are measures to
mitigate the impact of landslides. These are the following:

1. Sturdy retaining walls can be built along the roads near mountain
slopes. Nets can also be used to prevent rock from falling.

2. The slopes of the mountains can be strengthened through the use

of wire mesh, rock bolts, and shotcrete.

3. Another way to prevent landslides is to flatten the slope and

strengthen the soil.

4. To minimize the possibility of a landslide due to heavy rainfall

canals can be constructed along the slope to serve as additional
waterways.
BEFORE A LANDSLIDE:

1. Monitor the signs of an impending landslide (signs

previously discussed).

2. Monitor the daily weather condition and evacuate as soon

as possible if your area is prone to landslide and is
experiencing continuous rainfall.
3. Know the location of your evacuation centers and escape
routes.

4. Get involved with the disaster risk management programs

of the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Committee.
DURING A LANDSLIDE:
1. When indoors in a landslide area and there is
no time to evacuate, stay inside and hide under
a sturdy and stable object like a table.
2. When caught outdoors:
a. Stay away from the path of the landslide.
b. Go to the nearest higher ground away from
the landslide.
c. Run towards the direction of the back of
trees or buildings when you see approaching
rocks and soil debris.
d. If it seems impossible to avoid the
landslide, assume a fetal position and cover
your head.
AFTER A LANDSLIDE:
1. Stay away from the landslide area. Secondary landslides and
flooding can occur.
2. Know if there are casualties or people trapped near landslide
areas and report to proper authorities. Initiate rescue operations
if capable.
3. Listen to the radio or watch television for the latest bulletin
about the landslides.
4. Inspect power and water supply lines for damages and inform
the proper authorities.
5. Inspect building foundations and adjacent lots for damages
and do remedial work.
6. Consult experts on landslides for additional information and
advise.
SINKHOLES
WHAT IS SINKHOLE?
 Are geologic formations that are formed by erosion of
bedrocks composed of soft material and rocks. They can be
also be formed due to the lack of water that supports thin
earth surface and human activities that change the form of the
land surface.
Deans blue hole in Bahamas Great Blue hole in Belize

Dead sea sinkholes in Israel Guatemala Sinkhole

Type of Sinkholes
1. Solution Sinkhole
- also called as dissolution
sinkholes, the most common seen in
areas that have a very thin cover of
soil on surface or there little soil or
vegetation. This kind of sinkhole is
not dangerous as they are form
gradually

2. Cover Collapse sinkhole

- the most hazardous
classification of sinkhole. It
occurs in spaces where sand or
layers of clay covers the
bedrock.
3. Cover Subsidence sinkhole
-this is cause by water
which liquefies an underground
cavern. In this case , the bedrock
is covered by a layer of clay. The
hole is formed over a period of
time . Underground sediments
gradually begin to erode forming
an underground opening. When
the layer collapsed , sinkhole
rapidly opens that swallows
anything about it
Formation of Sinkholes
There are two methods sinkholes are formed..

1. Natural
Processes

2. Artificial
Processes
• The principles in the formation of sinkholes is
similar to the formation of caves and
underground of rivers.
• The seawater dissolve the bedrock and create the
caves. When there is an earthquakes the ground
above can collapse causing a sinkholes.
• The ground shaking during earthquakes can
cause consolidation of soil particles in the
coastal areas.
What to do if you are near a sinkhole?

1. Call
the local authorities or the disaster risk
reduction management council.
2. Keep children away form the sinkhole
3. Secure the perimeter of the sinkhole
4. Check cautiously for signs of the sinkhole
widening.
5. Divert the flow of water as it may accelerate the
widening of the sinkhole
PREPAREDNESS FOR SINKHOLE
• 6. Do not make the sinkhole as dumping site
• 7. Do not utilize the sinkhole as a drainage
system. Chemical mixed with water and passed
through the sinkhole
• 8. Document as much information as possible
about the time, date, location, property,
estimated dimension of the sinkhole, shape of
the area and approximate depth.
Landslide:
Wrap up
WHAT TO DO BEFORE A LANDSLIDE

• Do not build near steep slopes, close to

mountain edges, near drainage ways, or natural
erosion valleys
• Get a ground assessment of your property
• Contact local officials, state geological surveys or
departments of natural resources, and university
departments of geology. Landslides occur where
they have before, and in identifiable hazard
locations.
• Watch the patterns of storm-water drainage near
your home, and note the places where runoff
water converges, increasing flow in channels.
These are areas to avoid during a storm.
• Learn about the emergency-response and
evacuation plans for your area. Develop your
own emergency plan for your family or business.
• Minimize home hazards:
-Have flexible pipe fittings installed to
avoid gas or water leaks, as flexible
fittings are more resistant to breakage
(only the gas company or professionals
should install gas fittings).
-Plant ground cover on slopes and build
retaining walls.
• -In mudflow areas, build channels or
deflection walls to direct the flow around
buildings. Remember: If you build walls to
divert debris flow and the flow lands on a
neighbor's property, you may be liable for
damages.
WHAT TO DO DURING A LANDSLIDE

• Stay alert and awake. Many debris-flow fatalities

occur when people are sleeping. Listen to a NOAA
Weather Radio or portable, battery-powered radio
or television for warnings of intense rainfall.
• If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and
debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so.
• Listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate
moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders
knocking together.
• If you are near a stream or channel,
be alert for any sudden increase or
decrease in water flow and for a
change from clear to muddy water.
• Be aware that strong shaking from
earthquakes can induce or intensify
the effects of landslides.
• Be especially alert when driving.
Bridges may be washed out, and
culverts overtopped.
WHAT TO DO AFTER A LANDSLIDE
• Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of
additional slides.
• Listen to local radio or television stations for the
latest emergency information.
• Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide
or debris flow.
• Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide,
without entering the direct slide area.
• Help a neighbor who may require special assistance -
infants, elderly people, and people with disabilities.
• Look for and report broken utility lines and
damaged roadways and railways to appropriate
authorities.
• Check the building foundation, chimney, and
surrounding land for damage.
• Replant damaged ground as soon as possible since
erosion caused by loss of ground cover can lead to
flash flooding and additional landslides in the near
future.
• Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for
evaluating landslide hazards or designing corrective
techniques to reduce landslide risk.
CONCLUSION
• Landslide- is the downward movement of soil and
rocks along the a slope.
• - it can be triggered by natural as well as human
activities
• Different types of landslide;
• Creep, slump, rock and debris, rock fall, debris
flow and mudflow
• Sinkhole- are geologic formation that are formed
by erosion of bedrocks composed of soft minerals
and rocks.
• A landslide is defined as the
movement of a mass of rock, debris,
or earth down a slope. This is a very
dangerous and deadly disaster. In
order to minimize its damage, you
should follow this steps on what to do
before, during and after a landslide.
ALWAYS REMEMBER
THE END 
(GOD BLESS!)
Is there any questions?