Presented by:

1. Cheryl Ghatane
2. Diya Khadka
3. Shristika Shah
4. Simrika Mainali
5. Smriti Subedi
MARCHANTIA
Marchantia is a genus of
liverworts, which are non-vascular
plants belonging to the division
Marchantiophyta. Here are some
botanical details about
Marchantia:
A) Male Plant
B) Female Plant
 TAXONOM
●
Y
Kingdom: Plantae
● Division: Marchantiophyta (Liverworts)
● Class: Marchantiopsida
● Order: Marchantiales
● Family: Marchantiaceae
● Genus: Marchantia
 INTRODUCTION

The alternation of generations in Marchantia, a liverwort, involves two distinct

multicellular stages: the gametophyte and the sporophyte. Liverworts, including
Marchantia, exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle, meaning they undergo both
haploid and diploid phases in their life cycle.
 HAPLOID PHASE
Gametophyte (Haploid Phase):
● The dominant and conspicuous phase in the life cycle of Marchantia is the
gametophyte.
● The gametophyte is a haploid plant that arises from a haploid spore.
● It is a flat, lobed structure that grows on the surface of the soil or other
substrates.
● The gametophyte produces both male and female sex organs called
antheridia and archegonia, respectively.
● Antheridia produce sperm cells (motile), and archegonia produce egg cells.
 FERTILIZATION
Fertilization:
● Fertilization takes place when male and female thalli grow near each other.
● Water is essential for the fertilization process, as sperm cells need to swim to
the archegonia to reach the egg.
● Upon fertilization, the diploid zygote is formed
FERTILIZATION
 ZYGOTE DEVELOPMENT
The zygote develops into the sporophyte from within the archegonium.The
remaining archegonial tissue is called calyptra which protects the growing young
sporophyte. The sporophytes hang upside down beneath the archegoniophore.
 DIPLOID PHASE
SPOROPHYTE
● The sporophyte is a short-lived and dependent structure that develops on the
gametophyte.
● It consists of a foot, seta, and capsule.
● Foot: it is a bulbous structure which absorbs water and nutrients from the
gametophyte.
● Seta : it is a short multicellular stalk that connects the capsule with foot
● Capsule : a rounded body covered by a single layered jacket enclosing
● numerous haploid spores and elaters
● The capsule contains spore mother cells (sporocytes) that undergo meiosis to
produce haploid spores.
 GERMINATION
● The mature sporophyte releases spores.
● These spores disperse, and upon landing in a suitable environment, they
germinate to give rise to a new gametophyte.
● This haploid gametophyte starts as a unicellular spore that germinates and
forms an initial short filamentous ‘protonema’ with rhizoids.
 HAPLOID GAMETE
Marchantia plants are dioecious and their sexual reproduction is oogamous type. The male sex organs
are the antheridia. They are borne on the upper surface of each of eight lobes receptacle of
antheridiophore. Antheridia develop inside the antheridial chambers which lie alternate to the air cavities
and open out through pores called ostioles.The mature antheridium is club-shaped and consists of a short
multicellular stalk and oval antheridium The antheridium proper has a single jacket that encloses
androcytes. Androcytes gets metamorphosed into motile biflagellate antherozoids or male gametes. The
mature antheridium dehiscence and antherozoids are set free. Biflagellate antherozoids swim in the
water present in the grooves of receptacles and move towards the archegonia.The archegoniophore
consists of a slender stalk and female receptacle of archegoniophore. The female receptacle consists of
eight lobed with nine umbrella-like rays dropping down. All the archegonia are covered by the two-
lipped membrane known as perichaetium or involucre. A cup-shaped outgrowth that surrounds the
archegonium is called perigynium.
 HAPLOID GAMETE
The mature archegonium is a flask-shaped structure consisting of a swollen venter and a long
neck. The neck encloses 4-6 neck canal cells. The tip of the neck consists of four cover cells or lid
cells. The venter has an egg and one venter canal cell. The neck canal cells and venter canal cell
disorganize and form mucilage. Mucilage absorbs water and swells. The swelling exerts pressure
on the lid cells so that he lid cells separate apart and a clear passage down to the egg is developed.
The mucilage with proteins and potassium (K) salts starts oozing through the mouth and that
attracts antherozoids. This movement of antherozoids is called chemotaxis.
Fertilization takes place in presence of water. During fertilization, many antherozoids move into
water and ultimately antherozoids enter the archegonium, where only one of many antherozoids
fuses with an egg to form the diploid zygote. The zygote formation ends the gametophytic phase
and represents the first stage of the sporophytic generation.
 Diploid Sporophytic Generation
The zygote develops a wall around itself which is called oospore. The oospore [2n] divides
repeatedly to form embryo and then develops to sporogonium. Now, the archegonial neck
shrivels. The mature sporophyte is enveloped by three distinct protective covering: the calyptra,
the perigynium and the perichaetium. The mature sporogonium is completely dependent on
gametophyte. It is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.
The oval-shaped capsule has a single layered jacket. The jacket encloses spindle shaped thick-
walled elaters and diploid spore mother cells. The spore mother cells undergo meiosis to form
spore tetrads. Later the spores of each spore tetrad separate. Out of four spores, genetically two
are male and two are female spores. Each rounded spore is covered by an outer rough and non-
elastic layer, the exine and the inner smooth and elastic layer called intine. Intine encloses haploid
nucleus with cytoplasm. When sporophytes get matured, its wall gets ruptured and spores come
out. Elaters help in dispersal of spores.
 Diploid Sporophytic Generation
Air or wind disperses the spores. On falling suitable substratum under a favourable
condition, each spore germinates to a small filament or germ tube. The germ tube divides
repeatedly to form a multicellular, haploid gametophytic, dichotomously branched new
Marchantia thallus.
Thus, the haploid gametophyte stage forms the diploid stage of sporophyte after fertilization
and in turn, the diploid sporophyte forms the haploid gametophyte by meiosis division.
These two generations regularly lie alternate with each other. This is known as alternation of
generations
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