UNDERSTANDING

GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
Table of contents

01 03
RA 9710 Basic GAD Concepts

02 04
Gender Timelines Gender Stereotypes in
Transportation
SESSION OBJECTIVES
● Understand/review/level off on basic gender and
development (GAD) concepts such as sex and gender,
gender roles, gender bias and other key concepts related
to GAD.
● Develop an appreciation for gender sensitivity and its
importance on one’s personal and professional lives.
● Understand the GAD-related laws and policies
01
RA 9710
An Act Providing for the
Magna Carta of Women
MAGNA CARTA
OF WOMEN
HISTORY

CEDAW
CHARTER
MCW
PKKK
MAGNA CARTACHANGE
PUBLIC HEARING
OF WOMEN
Early
1981
2002
2009
2002 2000s
CHAPTERS
GENERAL PROVISIONS

DEFINITION OF TERMS

DUTIES RELATED TO HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN

RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT

RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT OF MARGINALIZED

SECTORS

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS
GENERAL PROVISIONS

NATION BUILDING AGAINST

EQUALITY
DISCRIMINATION
GENERAL PROVISIONS

NATION BUILDING PARTICIPATE

PROMOTE
DEFINITION OF TERMS

MARGINALIZE SUBSTANTIVE GENDER

EQUALITY EQUALITY
DEFINITION OF TERMS

GENDER EQUITY GENDER AND

DEVELOPMENT

TEMPORARY
GENDER SPECIAL
MAINSTREAMING MEASURES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

VIOLENCE WOMEN IN THE SOCIAL

AGAINST WOMEN MILITARY PROTECTION
DUTIES RELATED TO THE HUMAN RIGHTS
OF WOMEN

Provides that the State, private sector,

society in general, and all individuals shall
contribute to the recognition, respect and
promotion of the rights of women defined
and guaranteed under the Act
RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT

Human Rights of Protection from Women Affected by

Women Violence Disasters, Calamities,
Section 8 Section 9 and Other Crisis

Section 10
RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT

Equal Access and Elimination

Participation and Equal Treatment of Discrimination in
Representation Before the Law Education, Scholarships, and
Section11 Section 12 Training

Section 13
RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT

Non-Discriminatory and Non-

Women in Sports Women in the Derogatory Portrayal of
Military Women in Media and Film
Section 14 Section 15

Section 16
RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT

Women’s Right to Special Leave Benefits for Equal Rights in all Matters
Health Women Relating to Marriage
Section 17 Section 18 and Family Relations

Section 19
 • Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
RIGHTS AND • Urban Development and Housing Act
• Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
EMPOWERMENT OF • Fisheries Code
• Labor Code
MARGINALIZED • Migrant Workers Act
• Solo Parents Welfare Act
SECTORS • Social Reform
• Poverty Alleviation Act
 GENDER MAINSTREAMING
GENDER FOCAL POINT
NCRFW
CHR
MONITORING PROGRESS
PENALTIES
INSTITUTIONAL
INCENTIVES AND AWARDS
MECHANISMS FUNDING
IRR
SEPARABILITY CLAUSE
REPEALING CLAUSE
EFFECTIVITY CLAUSE
QUESTIONS?
D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

GENDER
TIMELINES
 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

TWO ULTIMATE GOALS OF GAD

GENDER WOMEN'S
EQUALITY EMPOWERMENT

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GOAL

GLOBAL NATIONAL DPWH INDIVIDUAL

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 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

HOW

BEFORE
1970s 1980s
1970s

1990s 2000s 2010s

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 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

QUESTION

What are the policies, programs, events, and actions at

aforementioned levels can you think of that have impacts on
women and gender equality, separated according to the decade in
which they occurred? Each group shall name as many as they
can. Gather insights on the timeline afterwards to process the
answers.

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GLOBAL GENDER
EQUALITY
TIMELINES
 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

1 9 M A R C H 1 9 11 1919 1945

First celebration of International International Labor Organization Gender equality enshrined in the
Women’s Day (ILO)* adopted the C003 – United Nations Charter
Maternity Protection Convention

1948 1951 1952

ILO adopted C100 – Equal ILO adopted C103 – Maternity
Remuneration Convention Protection Convention (Revised)
ILO adopted C089 - Night Work
(Women) Convention (Revised)
ILO adopted R090 - Equal ILO adopted R095 - Maternity
Remuneration Recommendation Protection Recommendation

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 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

1958 1964 1974

ILO adopted C111 – Discrimination
(Employment and Occupation)
Convention
ILO adopted R111 – Discrimination
(Employment and Occupation)
Recommendation
ILO adopted C122 – Employment
Policy Convention
ILO adopted C140 – Paid
Educational Leave Convention
ILO adopted R122 – Employment
Policy Recommendation

1975 1976 1979

International Year of Women United Nations adopted the
Establishment of the ILO Office for Convention on the Elimination of
First World Conference on Women Women Workers’ Questions All Forms of Discrimination
(FEMMES) Against Women (CEDAW)
Beginning of the United Nations
Decade for Women

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 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

1980 1981 1982

ILO adopted C156 – Workers with
Family Responsibilities Convention
Second World Conference on ILO Mid-Term Plan (1982-87)
Women includes “women workers” as one
ILO adopted R165 – Workers with
of six (6) global themes
Family Responsibilities
Recommendation

1984 1985 1987

ILO adopted R169 – Employment
Policy (Supplementary Provisions)
Recommendation
ILO Governing Body* endorses
Third World Conference on Women
Plan of Action on equality of
opportunity and treatment of men
International Labor Conference
and women in employment
(ILC)* 71st Session

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 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E
1990
ILO adopted C171 – Night Work
Convention
1999
CEDAW Optional Protocol
ILO adopted C182 – Worst Forms
of Child Labor Convention
1994 1995
Fourth World Conference on
International Conference on
Women
Population and Development (ICPD)
World Summit for Social
Development
2000 2000
World Summit for Social
Development and Beyond ILO adopted C182 – Maternity
(Copenhagen +5) Protection Convention
Passage of United Nations Security ILO adopted R191 – Maternity
Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR Protection Recommendation
1325)
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 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

2001 2003 2004

ILC 92nd Session resolution

First Participatory Gender Audit in International Women’s Day Event on
concerning the promotion of
the ILO Dangerous Assignments: Women
gender equality, pay equity, and
Covering Conflict
maternity protection

2006 2010 2015

Adoption of the Sustainable
Creation of UN Women
Development Goals (SDGs)
Gender is one of the five
mainstreamed strategies in the ILO 24 NOV 2014 OCT 2017
Program and Budget
Sony Pictures Hack Me Too Movement (#MeToo
movement)

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First Participatory Gender Audit in International Women’s Day Event on

the ILO Dangerous Assignments: Women
Covering Conflict

Adoption of the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs)
Gender is one of the five
mainstreamed strategies in the ILO
Program and Budget
Jennifer
Lawrence, Hunger
Games

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D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

# M e To o M o v e m e n t

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WORLD ECONOMIC
FORUM:
GENDER
GAP INDEX
 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

(1) Economic Participation and

Opportunity
(2) Educational
Attainment
(3) Political
Empowerment
(4) Health and
Survival
 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

2006-2008
Philippines ranked No. 6 out of 130 countries

2016
Philippines ranked No. 7 out of 144 countries

2017
Philippines ranked No. 10 out of 144 countries

2018
Philippines ranked No. 8 out of 149 countries

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To p 1 0 o f G l o b a l G e n d e r I n d e x G a p ( 2 0 1 8 )
Rank Country Score
1 Iceland 0.858
2 Norway 0.835
3 Sweden 0.822
4 Finland 0.821
5 Nicaragua 0.809
6 Rwanda 0.804
7 New Zealand 0.801
8 Philippines 0.799
9 Ireland 0.796
10 Namibia 0.789

Note: The closer a country is to a score of 1, the more gender equal it is.
Source: World Economic Forum Global Gender Report 2018

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NATIONAL GENDER
EQUALITY
TIMELINES
 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

1975
National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW)

1997
GAD Policy and 5% GAD Budget

2002
Women in Development and Nation Building Act (Republic Act 7192)

2004
Republic Act 9262, the Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act

2010
Republic Act 9710 also known as the Magna Carta of Women
NCRFW became Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)

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FAMOUS GENDER
EQUALITY
TIMELINES
 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

1960
MAGGIE
DELA
R I VA
RAPE
CASE

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She was abducted and raped in 1967 by four men

1960
(Jaime Jose Gomez; Basilio Pineda, Jr.; Edgardo
Aquino Payumo; and Rogelio Canal Sevilla)

High profile case because (1) dela Riva was a

famous movie actress and a former pageant beauty
MAGGIE queen, and (2) the perpetrators came from affluent
and reputable families
DELA
R I VA The criminal proceedings, which were highly
publicized as it was broadcast on public radio,
RAPE resulted in the convictions of death penalty to the
perpetrators.
CASE

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2010
She was an employee of the Davao City Chamber of
Commerce and Industry in the Philippines when she
was raped by a former President of the Chamber in
1996

KAREN
The case remained at the trial court level for eight
VERTIDO years before the Davao City RTC acquitted the
defendant in 2005 on grounds that “an accusation of
RAPE rape can be made with facility”.
CASE
(GLOBAL)

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The Court also did not apply Filipino Supreme Court

precedent cases that establishes that failure to escape

2010 does not negate the existence of rape. For the Court,
Vertido had ample opportunities to escape her attacker.

In 2010, Vertido elevated her case to the CEDAW, and

KAREN it held that the Philippine Court erred in relying on
gender-based myths and stereotypes about rape and rape
VERTIDO victims in the case of Karen Vertido. Further, the
RAPE CEDAW stressed that there should be no assumption in
law or practice that a woman gives her consent where
CASE she had not physically resisted unwanted sexual
conduct.
(GLOBAL)

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2018
GRETCHEN
FULLIDO
SEXUAL
HARASSMENT

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The Court also did not apply Filipino Supreme Court

precedent cases that establishes that failure to escape

2018 does not negate the existence of rape. For the Court,
Vertido had ample opportunities to escape her attacker.

In 2010, Vertido elevated her case to the CEDAW, and

GRETCHEN it held that the Philippine Court erred in relying on
gender-based myths and stereotypes about rape and rape
FULLIDO victims in the case of Karen Vertido. Further, the
SEXUAL CEDAW stressed that there should be no assumption in
law or practice that a woman gives her consent where
HARASSMENT she had not physically resisted unwanted sexual
conduct.

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DEPARTMENT GENDER
EQUALITY
TIMELINES
 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

DO 165 S. 1989 DO 158 S. 1992 DO 86 S. 1995

Creation of the DPWH Committee Restructuring and Reconstitution of Renaming of the DPWH
on Women in Development DPWH COWID Committee on Women and
(COWID) Development as DPWH
Committee on Gender and
Development (COGAD)

MO 192 S. 2003 SO 231 S. 2010 D O 4 8 S . 2 0 11

Designation of PMO Reconstitution of the DPWH Guidelines for Mainstreaming
PREMIUMED to Undertake the Committee on Gender and Gender Equality Actions in Road
Implementation of the Projects for Development (COGAD) Infrastructure Projects
the Handicapped and Infrastructure
Support to Gender and
Development

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 D P W H G A D TO O L K I T: M A K I N G R O A D I N F R A S T R U C T U R E G E N D E R R E S P O N S I V E

DO 93 S. 2012 DO 40 S. 2012 DO 22 S. 2013

Guidelines for the Preparation of Guidelines on Shoulder Paving Along Clarification on the Definition
Annual Gender and Development National Roads and Difference Between
Plan and Budget and Widening and Paving Shoulders
Accomplishment Report

D O 11 6 S . 2 0 1 5 SO 43 S. 2015 DO 130 S. 2016

Supplemental Guidelines on Reconstitution of the DPWH Guidelines for the Implementation
Shoulder Paving Along National Committee on Gender and of the Provisions of Republic Act
Roads Development 6685 and Republic Act 9710 or the
Magna Carta of Women

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D O 111 S . 2 0 1 6
Guidelines for the Implementation
of the DPWH Anti-TIP Policy to
Attain Zero-Tolerance Against
Trafficking in Persons
2014 G A D T I M PA L A
2013
A total of 334 DPWH delegates Search for the Most Outstanding
joined the Largest Women Symbol Gender-Responsive Government
Formation during the 2014 National Agency
Women’s Month Celebration
(NWMC)

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Guidelines for the Implementation

of the DPWH Anti-TIP Policy to
Attain Zero-Tolerance Against
Trafficking in Persons

L a r g e s t Wo m e n S y m b o l F o r m a t i o n
d u r i n g t h e 2 0 1 4 N a t i o n a l Wo m e n ’s
Month Celebration (NWMC)

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G A D T I M PA L A
2013
Guidelines for the Implementation DPWH ESSD Staff receives the Citation
A total of 334 DPWH delegates
of the DPWH Anti-TIP Policy to Award from PCW Chairperson Remedios I.
joined the Largest Women Symbol
Attain Zero-Tolerance Against Rikken and Executive Director Emmeline L.
Formation during the 2014 National
Trafficking in Persons Women’s Month CelebrationVersoza at the Diamond Hotel, Manila.
(NWMC)

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A total of 334 DPWH delegates

joined the Largest Women Symbol
Formation during the 2014 National
Women’s Month Celebration Aw a r d i n g o f
(NWMC)
GADtimpala
Citation Plaque:
July 14, 2014 at
DPWH Head Office

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 Understanding Key
Concepts on Gender
and Development
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
COVERAGE

Sex and Gender

Gender as a Social
Construct

Gender and Development

Maricar R. Chan

GENDER
SEX AND
 Exercise:
“Sex and Gender
out of the Box”
Maricar R. Chan
Maricar R. Chan

What is Sex?
Maricar R. Chan
Sex has two categories: Male or Female
 Biological maleness or femaleness

Male Female

• Vagina
• Penis
Maricar R. Chan

• Ovaries
• Testicles
• Estrogen
• Androgen
• progester
• testosterone
one
• XY
• XX
 Sex Roles Male Sex
Roles
Female Sex
Roles  Ovum
 Gestation fertilization
 Lactation  Produces
 Child-bearing spermatozoa
Maricar R. Chan

which determine
child’s sex
 Sex is constant across time, different societies
and cultures
Maricar R. Chan
Maricar R. Chan
 Gender refers to:
Roles assigned by society
to males and females

Activities deemed by
society as appropriate
for males and females
Maricar R. Chan

Behaviors expected of
males and females
 Gender is a learned behavior
Maricar R. Chan
Maricar R. Chan Gender changes with time
 Gender can be performed by both sexes
Maricar R. Chan
 Sex is…
“What you were born with”
while
Maricar R. Chan

Gender is..“What happens

afterwards”
Let’s Have a
Test
 Differentiating SEX from GENDER QUIZ
STATEMENT G
S
1. Women give birth to babies, men do not.

2. Little girls are gentle, boys are rough.

3. According to UN statistics, women do 67% of the

world’s work, yet their earnings amount only to 10%
of the world’s income.

4. Cooking comes naturally to women.

5. Women can breast-feed babies.

 Differentiating SEX from GENDER QUIZ
STATEMENT G
S
6. Most-building site workers in the Philippines are men.

7. In Ancient Egypt, men stayed at home and did weaving.

Women handled family business. Women inherited
property and men did not.

8. Men’s voices break at puberty, women’s do not.

9. In one study of 224 cultures, there were 5 in which men

did all the cooking and 36 in which women did all the
house building.

10. In one documented case, a child who was brought up as

a girl, then learned that he was actually a boy, his school
marks improved dramatically.
 GENDER as a
Social Construct
WILD MIND WRITING
1. Noong bata ako, ang mga paborito kong laro ay …
2. Pinalaki at inalagaan ako ni/nina …
3. Una kong nalaman na ako'y isang babae/ lalaki noong …
4. Sa pamilya, ang turo sa akin bilang babae/bilang lalaki…
5. Sa simbahan, tinatak sa isip ko bilang babae/bilang lalaki…
6. Sa paaralan, ang bagay na kurso para sa akin...
7. Sabi ng mga advertisements sa print at TV, dapat ang babae ay … at
ang lalaki ay …
8. Palibhasa lalaki ...
9. Kasi babae ...
 School Church

Family

Government

Mass Media

The differentiated gender roles

are taught, sanctioned,
maintained and reinforced by
social institutions.
Adapted from Ms. Lea Astrera ppt
 GENDER and
DEVELOPMENT
Maricar R. Chan
TIMELINE OF GAD AS A CONCEPT

WID WAD GAD

1950S 1970S 1980S
Women in Women and Gender and
Development Development Development
 Gender and Development

• A development perspective and process that is

participatory, empowering, equitable, sustainable,
free from violence and respectful of human rights and
supportive of self-determination and actualization of
human potentials.

• Seeks to achieve gender equality as a fundamental

value that should be reflected in development
choices.
RA 9710: Section 7. Magna Carta of Women
Implementing Rules and Regulations
 Why is there a
focus on women
empowerment
at this time?
 GAD aims to achieve equity, before equality.
● Why?

○ Gender equity takes into consideration the

differences in women's and men's lives and
recognises that different approaches may be needed
to produce outcomes that are equitable.
WHILE…
Maricar R. Chan

○ Gender equality is based on the premise that women

and men should be treated in the same way.
Maricar R. Chan
 Equity vs. Equality

● Gender equity takes into consideration the

differences in women's and men's lives and
recognises that different approaches may
be needed to produce outcomes that are
Maricar R. Chan

equitable.
Maricar R. Chan
 Equity vs. Equality

● Gender equality is based on the premise that

women and men should be treated in the
same way.
Maricar R. Chan
Maricar R. Chan
 SAMENESS
EQUALITY FAIRNESS
EQUITY
Giving everyone the Giving everyone
Maricar R. Chan

same thing access to same

It only works if opportunities
everyone starts We must first ensure
from the same equity before we can
place. enjoy equality.
 Because the burden of
gender inequality has
weighed heavily
on women for
the longest
time!
Maricar R. Chan
 Gender-sensitivity
The ability to recognize gender issues,
especially women’s different perceptions and
interest arising from unique social position and
gender roles
Maricar R. Chan
Maricar R. Chan

Gender lens
 Is gender-
sensitivity only
for women?
Maricar R. Chan
 Everyone can
and should–be
gender
Maricar R. Chan

sensitive!
 Change begins with me…

● Start from your body: Understand how your

own attitude and values perpetuate gender-
based discrimination and stereotypes

● Promote complementary gender roles!

Shared breadwinning, shared parenting,
shared housework, shared
Maricar R. Chan

decision- making

● Confront and act on the issue: Be a personal

Advocate!
… and my Organization
 Disaggregate data by sex
 Attain balance in various positions (esp. top and decision-
making positions)
 Stop gender discrimination in recruitment, hiring,
training, promotion
 Make spaces for disadvantaged men and women
 Adopt a GAD plan of action (review content of training
programs; develop tools, conduct GRP, participate in inter-
agency activities on GAD, etc.)
PRACTICAL
GENDER NEEDS

These are related to the improvement of

the conditions of women for an
effective execution of their traditional
gender roles.
STRATEGIC
GENDER
INTEREST
These are related to the liberation of
women from their subordinate position
to men.
GENDER AS A
DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPT
Gender is not for women alone; it
recognizes the roles and needs of both
women and men.
GAD
CO N CE P T O F

POWER
 POWER TO

TO is the capacity of individuals, groups,

organizations, communities and societies to
create and act.

POWER WITH
recognizes the equal worth and rights of

WITH people (both women and men) and their

collective capacities when organized and
united.

POWER WITHIN
resides in each individual and stresses self-

WITHIN acceptance and self-respect, and respect and

acceptance of others as equals.
 GAD CHALLENGE
GENDER GENDER
SENSITIVITY RESPONSIVENESS

refers to the recognition of the

refers to the presence of actions
importance of responding to the
or measures to address gender
differing needs of women and men
issues and concerns
towards achievement of gender
equality
GENDER EQUITY
DENOTES THE EQUIVALENCE IN LIFE OUTCOMES
FOR WOMEN & MEN; RECOGNIZING DIFFERENT
NEEDS AND INTEREST

GENDER EQUALITY
WOMEN & MEN HAVING THE SAME
OPPORTUNITIES

GENDER BLIND APPROACH

IGNORING GENDER BIAS

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
EQUAL POSITION OF WOMEN AT HOME, COMMUNITY,
AND PLACE OF WORK

WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS

WOMEN'S RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS

CULTURE
DISTINCTIVE PATTERNS OF IDEALS, BELIEFS &
GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR
SOCIALLY DETERMINED IDEAS & PRACTICES

GENDER MAINSTREAMING
BRING GENDER PERSPECTIVE TO ALL ASPECTS OF
AN INSTITUTION’S POLICY AND ACTIVITIES

GENDER DISCRIMINATION
UNFAVORABLE TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUALS ON
THE BASIS OF GENDER

WID/GAD
WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT &
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

GAD PLANNING
GENDER RELATED GOALS, OBJECTIVES, TARGET,
AND ACTIVITIES

GAD BUDGETING
ALLOCATION OF BUDGET
GAD APPROACH
RESPONSIVE TO PRACTICAL &
STRATEGIC NEEDS

GENDER ANALYSIS
KNOWING THE GENDER RELATIONS OR RELATIONS
BETWEEN SEXES

LGBTQIA
LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER,
QUEER/QUESTIONING. INTERSEX, ASEXUAL

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
ROMANTIC AND/OR SEXUAL ATTRACTION

GENDER IDENTITY
ONE'S INNER SENSE OF SELF

GENDER EXPRESSION
EXPRESSION OF HIS OR HER SENSE OF SELF
ANDROGYNY
MIXING OF MASCULINE AND FEMININE GENDER
EXPRESSIONS

GENDER FLUID
GENDER IDENTITY BETWEEN AND/OR OTHER THAN
MALE OR FEMALE
ASSIGNED GENDER
INITIAL ASSIGNMENT AS MALE OR FEMALE AT BIRTH
BASED ON GENITALIA AND OTHER VISIBLE PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS

CISGENDER
GENDER IDENTITY AND BIOLOGICAL SEX ASSIGNED AT
BIRTH IS THE SAME
GENDER DYSPHORIA
CONFLICT BETWEEN ASSIGNED GENDER AND
GENDER IDENTITY CAUSING CONFLICT,
DISCOMFORT, AND DISTRESS

GENDER NONCONFORMITY
EXPRESSION OF HIS OR HER SENSE OF SELF
GENDER BINARY
SYSTEM OF CLASSIFYING SEX AND GENDER INTO
TWO DISTINCT AND DISCONENCTED FORMS OF
MASCULINE AND FEMININE

HETEROSEXUALITY
SEXUAL ATTRACTION TO THE OPPOSITE SEX
“STRAIGHT”

HETEROSEXISM
PRESUMPTION THAT EVERYONE IS STRAIGHT

HOMOPHOBIA
NEGATIVE ATTITUDES AND FEELINGS;
DISLIKE AND DISCOMFORT
 GENDER STEREOTYPES IN
TRANSPORTATION
GENDER STEREOTYPES MANIFESTATIONS
Bicycle and motorcycle driving is ‘for the
Women have fragile bodies; they should
not be engaged in types of employment
"Home is where life begins,
boys’ only.

that require heavy physical exertion. fill it with memories"

Road construction and maintenance is a
realm of men.

Car-driving, which will bring individuals to more

Men are the breadwinners, while women places outside of the home, is more for men than
are the house-keepers and child-minders. women.

More men are employed as drivers of buses,

jeepneys, taxis, tricycles, trains, airplanes, etc.
 GENDER STEREOTYPES IN
TRANSPORTATION
GENDER STEREOTYPES MANIFESTATIONS
Men take the driver’s seat, and women take the
Men are independent and superior, while "Home is where backseat.life begins,
women are dependent and inferior.
fill it with memories"
Men are more represented in transport governance
and management structures.

Roads are designed more for the use of motorized

vehicles; sidewalks and lanes for non-motorized
vehicles are of secondary importance.
Paid work, which is mainly associated with
men, is more important than unpaid house
Because roads are more for male-driven motorized
work, which is mainly done by women.
vehicles, their design is more masculine -- they lack
aesthetic sense, which is a feminine trait.
 GENDER
S T E RE O T Y P E S CA N BE

CHALLENGED &
TRANSFORMED
GENDER
ATTRIBUTES ARE:

(1) Socially constructed or not

biologically-based; and

(2) Varied from culture to culture or not

universal
 GENDER IN TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURE
The travels of men are centered on employment; thus,
they tend to value speed and reliability.
Women tend to engage more in non-work, off-peak travel,
and trip chain; women tend to value flexibility and prefer
"Home is where life begins,
low-cost, reliable, consumer-friendly, flexible, door-to-
door servicefill
withit with
many routememories"
options to meet their needs.

Women are also more affected than men by the building of

roads that are geared to motor vehicles and to a lot of traffic
Women are less likely to use a bicycle without the
because walking and use of intermediate means of transport
provision of cycle lanes or safe areas for cycling.
remain to be a predominant mode among many women both
in the rural and urban areas.
 GENDER IN TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURE

Women and men do not have equal employment "Home is where life begins,
opportunities in road construction. and maintenance. Women have less access to cars.
fill it with memories"

Women are most concerned with the safety and personal

With their less opportunity to own cars, women are more
security aspect of transport. They may forego trips and seek
dependent on public transport than men, especially when they
less efficient or costlier alternatives when there is a
are from low income strata.
perceived threat.
 GENDER IN TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURE
There are cultural constraints which often prevent Women are known to forgo an opportunity to work
women from properly accessing public transport. In outside their neighborhoods if they perceive transport
some predominately Muslim cities, it is socially "Home
fares is towhere
and services life and
be expensive begins,
unreliable.
difficult for women to share crowded buses with fill it with
Thus, women’s memories"
employment tends to be more
mainly male riders. affected by resettlement.

Men are more often the victims of road fatalities and injuries
because they are more likely than women to be sitting at the
driving wheel and more likely than women to be travelling.
 GAD is about being faithful to the principle that
DEVELOPMENT IS FOR ALL.
Maricar R. Chan
Maricar R. Chan