Different Ways of Expressing

Concentration of Solutions
 Objectives

1. Describe the ways of expressing concentrations

of solutions.
2. Solve problems involving:
a. Percent by mass
b. Percent by volume
c. Molarity
d. Molality
e. Parts per million
 RECAP
 Classify the following solutions as DILUTED or
CONCENTRATED.
_______________1. 70% rubbing alcohol
_______________ 2. fruit extracts
_______________3. ready –to- drink – juices
_______________ 4. maple syrup
_______________5. 40 % rubbing alcohol
_______________ 6. honey
_______________7. fabric conditioner
_______________ 8. coffee in hot water
_______________9 dish washing liquids ______________
10. salt in water
 Mass percentages are popular
concentration units for consumer products. For
example, in the label of a typical liquid bleach
bottle (Figure 1) cites the concentration of its active
ingredient, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), as being
7.4%. A 100.0-g sample of bleach would therefore
contain 7.4 g of NaOCl.
 The concentration of solution refers to the amount of
solute present in a given quantity of solvent or
solution. The concentration of a solution can be
expressed either qualitatively or quantitatively. The
term diluted or concentrated to describe a solution
qualitatively.
 When a large amount of solute is present in the
solution, the solution is said to be concentrated.
When only a small amount of solute is present,
the solution is said to diluted.
 Concentrations of solutions may be expressed
quantitatively in several ways such as percent by
mass, percent by volume, molarity, molality and
part per million.
Different Ways of Expressing Concentrations of
Solutions
 1. Percent by mass

One of the simplest quantitative

expressions of concentration is the percent by mass,
given by
 Sample Problem 1
A 5.0-g sample of spinal fluid contains
3.75 mg or 0.00375 g of glucose. What is the
percent by mass of glucose in spinal fluid?
 Solution.
The spinal fluid sample contains
roughly 4 mg of glucose in 5000 mg of fluid, so the
mass fraction of glucose should be a bit less than
one part in 1000, or about 0.1%. Substituting the
given masses into the equation defining mass
percentage yields:
 Sample problem
 A solution that is composed of 5 g of salt for
every 95 g of water will have a mass percent of
5%.
 Sample problem
 Determine the percent sulfuric acid by mass of a
1.37 m aqueous solution of H2SO4.

 An aqueous LiNO2 solution is made using 90.3 g

LiNO2 and diluting it to a total volume of 1.72 L.
If the density of the solution is 1.20 g/mL, what
is the mass percent of the solution?
 2. Percent by Volume

Expresses the volume parts of a solute

in 100 volume parts of solution. Volume may be
expressed in mL, L or any other volume units.
 Sample Problem 2:

A solution is prepared by mixing 50.00

mL of C2H5OH in 350.0 mL of distilled water.
What is the % by volume and the proof number of
the solution?
Given: volume of solute = 50.00 mL
volume of solvent = 350.0 mL
 Sample problem
 A solution made from 35 mL of ethanol and 65
mL of water will have a percent by volume of
35%.
 Problem Solving
 1. What is the percent by mass of 5.0 g of iron (II)
sulfate dissolved in 75.0 g of water?
 2. A solution is made by adding 25 mL of benzene to
80 mL of toluene. What is the percent by volume of
benzene?
 3. A solution is formed by adding 35 g of ammonium
nitrate to 250 g of water. What is the percent by mass
of ammonium nitrate?
 4. What is the percent by volume of a solution formed
by mixing 25 mL of isopropanol with 45 mL of water?
 5. What is the mass percent of each component in the
mixture formed by adding 12 g of calcium sulfate, 18
g of sodium nitrate, and 25 g of potassium chloride to
500 g of water?
 6. A solution is made by dissolving 125 g of sodium
chloride in 1.5 kg of water. What is the percent by
mass?
 7. What is the percent by volume of a solution formed
by added 15 L of acetone to 28 L of water?
 8. An experiment requires a solution that is 80%
methyl alcohol by volume. What volume of methyl
alcohol should be added to 200 mL of water to make
this solution?
 3. Molarity (M)
 molar concentration , is the number of moles of
solute in one liter of solution. Molarity is defined
by the equation:
For example, a 1.46 molar glucose (C6 H12 O6 )
solution, written as 1.46 M C6H12O6 contains 1.46
moles of the solute in 1 L of the solution. A 500mL
solution containing 0.730 mole of C6 H12O6 , also has a
concentration of 1.46 M:
 It is important to remember that molarity refers
only to the amount of solute originally dissolved
in water and does not take into account any
subsequent processes, like dissociation of a salt
or the ionization of an acid.
Sample Problem 3 :

How do we determine the molarity of a solution

containing 5 g of NaOH in 250 g mL of solution?
 4. Molality (m)
 is another quantitative expression of
concentration of solution. A molal (m) solution is
one that contains one mole of solute in 1000
gram (or 1kg) of solvent.
Sample Problem No. 4

Let us see how to determine the molality of a

solution, supposing you dissolve 15.0 g of C6
H12O6 (MM=180.0 g/mol) in 1.00 kg of water.
Sample problem 5:

How much C6 H12 O6 is needed to prepare a 0.5 m

solution using 500 g of water?
 Exercise
 Problem 1: A sulfuric acid solution containing
571.4 g of H2SO4 per liter of solution has a
density of 1.329 g/cm3. Calculate the molality of
H2SO4 in this solution
 Solution:
 1 L of solution = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
 1.329 g/cm3 times 1000 cm3 = 1329 g (the mass
of the entire solution)
 1329 g minus 571.4 g = 757.6 g = 0.7576 kg (the
mass of water in the solution)
 571.4 g / 98.0768 g/mol = 5.826 mol of H2SO4
 5.826 mol / 0.7576 kg = 7.690 m
 2 Calculate the molality of 15.00 M HCl with a
density of 1.0745 g/cm3
 Solution:
 1) Let us assume 1000. mL of solution are on hand.
In that liter of 15-molar solution, there are:
 (15.00 mol/L) (1.000 L) = 15.00 mole of HCl
 15.00 mol times 36.4609 g/mol = 546.9135 g of HCl
 2) Use the density to get mass of solution
 (1000. mL) (1.0745 g/cm3) = 1074.5 g of solution
 1074.5 g minus 546.9135 g = 527.5865 g of water =
0.5275865 kg
 Parts Per Million and Parts Per
Billion
 Ppm and ppb are both convenient units for reporting
the concentrations of pollutants and other trace
contaminants in water. Very low solute concentrations
are often expressed using appropriately small units
like parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb).
 Similar to percentage (“part per hundred”) units, ppm
and ppb may be defined in terms of masses, volumes,
or mixed mass-volume units. There are also ppm and
ppb units defined with respect to numbers of atoms
and molecules.
 1. What is the number of ppm of C2H4(OH)2 in
the solution with 55.5 g (50.0 mL) of liquid
C2H4(OH)2 dissolved in 150.0 mL of water?

 Ppm = g solution x 1000000

 g of solution
 x = 55.5 g x 1000000
 150.0 g

 x = 270000 ppm
 Evaluation
Choose the letter of the best answer:
1. Which way of the following is the common
concentration expression of solutions used for
practical purposes at home, in industry, and in
medicine?
A. Percent by mass C. molality
B. Percent by volume D. molarity
2. Calculate the grams of NaOH present in 5.0 mL of
a 1.0% (m/v) NaOH solution.
A. 0.050 g C. 0.50 g
B. 0.10 g D. 1.0 g
3. A bottle of a tile cleanser contains 135 g of HCl
and 775 g of water. What is the percent by mass of
HCl in this cleanser?
A. 1.48 %
B. 0.148 %
C. 148 %
D. 14.8%
4. The unit of molarity is
A. moles of solute/liters of solution.
B. moles of solute/liters of solvent.
C. grams of solute/liters of solution.
D. grams of solute/liters of solvent
5. A solution is made by dissolving 0.40 mole of NaCl
in enough water to give a final volume of 250.0 mL.
What is the molarity of the solution?
A. 0.10 M C. 1.6 M
B. 0.80 M D. 2.5 M
6. It refers to the amount of solute present in a given
quantity of solvent or solution.
A. Amount of solution
B. Component of solution
C. concentration of solution
D. content of solution
7. The number of moles of solute dissolved per dm3
of the solution is
A. Molality
B. percentage
C. concentration
D. molarity
8. If 125 mL of 1.00 M NaOH is diluted to 1.00 L,
the resulting solution contains
A. 0.125 mole of NaOH
B. 1.00 mole of NaOH
C. 1.25 moles of NaOH
D. 10.0 moles of NaOH
9. What is the mass percentage of NaCl in a solution
containing 1.50 g of NaCl in H2O ? A. 2.91 %
B. 29.1 %
C. 30%
D. 30.29 %
10. The molarity of solution which contains 40 g urea
dissolved in 500cm3 is
A. 1.2 M
B. 1.389 M
C. 1.334 M
D. 1.5 M
THANK YOU
AADACCDA_C