Fundamental of Computer

and Application

By To
Awashar Sharma(Student) Ramesh Regmi(Teacher)
Himalaya Secondary School Himalaya Secondary School
Damak-2,Jhapa Damak-2,Jhapa
 Table of Contents

Chapters Name

1) Introduction to Computer

2) Components of a Computer

3) Computer Software

4) Memory Unit

5) Internet and its Application

6) Multimedia and its Components

7) Emerging Technology
Chapter-1

Introduction to Computer
Computer is an electronic machine, takes data and instruction, process them in CPU and gives out the information
or result of given input by the user. It needs programs to carry out tasks. Charles Babbage is known as the father of
the computer. It is the system of combination of computer software and hardware.
 Characteristics of Computers

1 Speed 2 Accuracy 3 Storage Capacity

Computers perform tasks Computers provide precise Computers can store vast
at incredible speeds, results, eliminating human amounts of data, enabling
processing large amounts errors easy access to a wealth of
of data in seconds. information.

4 Versatility 5 Reliability
Computers can be programmed to perform a Modern computers are designed to be highly
wide range of tasks, from complex calculations reliable, reducing the chances of system
to multimedia operations. failures.
 Modern Applications of Computers
Artificial Data Analysis Medical Diagnosis
Intelligence
Computers excel at processing Computer-based systems aid
Computers play a crucial role
and analyzing large datasets, doctors in diagnosing diseases
in developing AI technologies,
helping businesses make and creating effective
enabling machines to simulate
informed decisions. treatment plans.
human intelligence.

Virtual Reality E-commerce

Computers are at the heart of immersive virtual Computers facilitate online shopping, making it
reality experiences, transporting users to new convenient for consumers to purchase products
digital worlds. and services.
Classification of Computers
On the basis of
size
On the basis of
purpose
On the basis of
data type
On the basis of
Model
On the basis of
Brand
Types of Computers Based
on Size
• Microcomputer: A type of computer commonly used for personal and office applications. It

is based on a single microprocessor and performs a single task at a time. Examples include
desktops, laptops, and mobile devices.
• Supercomputer: Used for complex scientific and engineering applications that require
high-speed processing and large amounts of memory. Examples include weather

forecasting and remote sensing.

• Mainframe computer: A multiuser computer used by large organizations for critical

applications, such as financial transactions and inventory control. Examples include DEC,
ICL, and IBM 370.
• Minicomputer: A multiuser computer that is larger and more capable than a

microcomputer, but smaller and less powerful than a mainframe. Examples include PDP-8,
HP 3000 series, and system/36.
Types of Computers Based
on purpose
• General purpose computer: A general purpose computer is a computer that is designed to

be able to be able to access the internet and browse the world wide web(WWW). It is use to

play game, design and build web pages. It store and retrieve data.

• Special purpose computer: A special purpose computer is a computer that is designed to

perform a specific task only. They are also known as dedicated computers because they
have been dedicated to performing a single task over and over again. It is use to measure
earthquake, body temperature, speed of vehicle, etc.
Types of Computers Based
on Data Type
• Analog Computer: A special purpose computer that measures physical values
and performs operations in parallel. Used in scientific and engineering fields.
Examples include speedometers, odometers, and seismographs.

• Digital Computer: A digital computer operates on discrete data represented in

binary form, using electronic circuits for computation and information storage. It
processes information with high precision, executing instructions sequentially to
perform various tasks efficiently, making it the predominant computing
paradigm in modern technology.

• Hybrid Computer: Special purpose computers with features of both analog and
digital computers. Accepts analog input, processes data digitally, and provides
output in either digital or analog form. Examples include ECG, ECHO, and CT-
scan machines.
 Types of Computers Based on Model
• XT-computer:The XT (eXtended Technology), released by IBM in 1983, was a pivotal early personal computer. It housed an 8088

processor and 640KB RAM, introducing innovations like optional hard drives and expansion slots. The XT's open architecture
promoted compatibility with third-party peripherals, contributing significantly to the growth and popularization of personal

computing.

• AT Computer:The AT (Advanced Technology) computer, unveiled by IBM in 1984, marked a substantial advancement in personal

computing. Equipped with the 80286 processor, it outpaced its predecessor, the XT, delivering improved speed and multitasking

capabilities. The AT introduced the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) slots, setting new standards for performance, memory
expansion, and compatibility.

• Ps/2 Computer:The PS/2 (Personal System/2), launched by IBM in 1987, represented a technological leap in personal computing. It
featured the 80486 processor and introduced the Micro Channel Architecture, enhancing performance and system reliability. The PS/2
also introduced the proprietary PS/2 keyboard and mouse connectors, setting new industry standards and contributing to the evolution

of computer peripherals.
 Types of Computers Based on Brand
• IBM PC: IBM PC Launched in 1981, the IBM PC was a pivotal development in personal computing. Its open architecture facilitated
compatibility with third-party hardware and software, fostering a diverse ecosystem. The IBM PC set industry standards and led to the

growth of the PC-compatible market, shaping the future of personal computing.

• IBM compatible: IBM compatible Refers to computers and hardware that conform to IBM PC architecture standards. This adherence

ensures compatibility with software and peripherals designed for the original IBM Personal Computer, fostering a standardized and

interoperable ecosystem within the personal computing industry.

• Apple/Macintosh: A line of personal computers designed and produced by Apple Inc. The Macintosh marked a revolutionary departure

with its graphical user interface (GUI) and mouse, setting new standards in personal computing. Known for sleek design and

innovation, Macs emphasize user-friendly interfaces, high-quality displays, and seamless integration with Apple software and services.
Chapter-2
Understanding Computer
Components
Learning about computer components is essential for
understanding how these incredible devices function. The
computer comprises four main components, each playing a
vital role in its operation. Let's delve into the details of
each component to gain a comprehensive understanding of
the inner workings of a computer.
The Input Unit
1 Data Translation
The input unit serves as the
bridge between human
users and the computer
system, translating data
and commands into
formats that the computer
can process.
2 Human-Computer
Interaction
It allows users to interact
with the computer by
providing the necessary
data and information,
facilitating seamless
interaction and data
exchange.
3 Role in Memory
Processing
All data and instructions
from the input unit are first
stored in the memory unit,
serving as the initial phase
of processing.
The Output Unit
Data Presentation
The output unit presents the
processed results and
information in a
comprehensible format for
users to interpret and utilize.
User Interaction
Enabling users to view and
understand the computer's
output, it plays a crucial role
in facilitating effective
human-computer interaction.
Data Visualization
It visually represents the
results of processing, allowing
users to comprehend and
utilize the processed
information effectively.
The Processing Unit: CPU
Interpretation of
Instructions
The CPU interprets and executes
program instructions, playing a
pivotal role in processing and
executing command sets.
Control of Operations
As the "brain" of the computer, it
controls the operation of the
other units and the flow of data
within the system.
Data Manipulation
It is responsible for directing the
input data to the memory,
processing data, and directing
the output information.
The Memory Unit
1 Data and Instruction
Storage
All data and instructions are stored in
the memory unit, providing the
necessary space for temporary and
permanent storage.
2 Primary Memory Usage
Computers utilize the contents of
primary memory for processing, where
intermediate and final processing results
are also stored.
Introduction to Input
Devices
The 21st century is marked by a myriad of innovative input devices that have
revolutionized human-computer interaction. From traditional peripherals like
keyboards and mice to cutting-edge technologies like touch screens and digital
cameras, each input device serves a unique purpose, catering to diverse user
needs.
Keyboard: The Versatile Input Device
1 Functionality 2 Typing Experience 3 Customization
A keyboard is an essential Typing on a keyboard is a Keyboards come in various
input device that enables fundamental skill, vital for forms and layouts,
users to input text, productivity and including ergonomic and
numbers, and symbols into communication in the mechanical designs,
a computer. It can be digital age. catering to individual
wireless or wired, preferences.
providing flexibility in
usage.
Mouse and Joystick: Pointing and Precision
Mouse
The mouse is a versatile handheld input device used
to select files, folders, and icons on a computer
desktop. It is also an essential tool for graphic design
and precise cursor movements.
Joystick
A joystick is a specialized input device, particularly
popular for gaming. It is designed to control
movements and activate various functions within
games, providing an immersive experience for
players.
Touch Pad and Touch Screen:
Intuitive Interfaces
1 Touch Pad
A touch pad is a flat, sensitive pad
commonly found on laptops, enabling
users to navigate the cursor and interact
with the interface through intuitive
gestures.
2 Touch Screen
Touch screens are electronic display
interfaces that allow direct interaction
by touching the screen, paving the way
for user-friendly access in devices
ranging from ATMs to modern laptops.
Scanner and Digital Camera: Visual
Input Platforms
Scanner
A scanner is a device that converts physical
documents or images into digital format. It works by
capturing an image of the document using optical
sensors, which is then processed and stored
electronically. Scanners are commonly used in
offices, homes, and industries for tasks like digitizing
paperwork or creating digital backups.
Digital Camera
A digital camera is an electronic device that captures
and stores images or videos in digital format. It uses
an image sensor to record light and converts it into
digital data. Digital cameras vary in types, from
compact point-and-shoots to professional DSLRs,
offering various features like zoom, resolution, and
shooting modes.
OMR and MICR: Advanced Data
Recognition
1 OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
OMR is used for scanning and reading
marked data on various paper
documents, providing efficient data
processing for surveys, exams, and
questionnaires.
2 MICR (Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition)
MICR technology verifies the
authenticity of paper documents,
especially in banking applications, by
recognizing and processing magnetic
ink characters.
Microphone: Voice-based Input
Solutions
1 Audio Input
Audio input utilizes microphones to capture
sound, enabling its transfer into digital format
for processing by computers. It plays a vital
role in various applications, including
multimedia content creation, voice commands,
dictation, and audio recording, facilitating
seamless integration of audio data into digital
environments for diverse purposes.
2 Modern Applications
Modern applications of audio input encompass
diverse fields, such as multimedia content
creation, virtual assistants, voice-controlled
devices, telecommunication, online
conferencing, and gaming. From dictation
software to smart speakers, audio input
technology is integral to enhancing user
experiences, enabling hands-free interactions.
Softcopy Output
Devices
A softcopy output device produces digital or electronic copies of documents,
images, or data without using physical mediums like paper. Examples include
computer monitors, projectors, and digital displays. Softcopy output devices
offer high flexibility, easy sharing, and efficient storage of information. They are
essential in modern workplaces, educational institutions, and entertainment
venues for displaying and disseminating digital content electronically.
Monitor Types
Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD)
LCD monitors are thin, space-
efficient, and produce reduced
eyestrain. They are commonly
used in laptops, desktops, and
various consumer electronics.
Light Emitting Diode
(LED)
LED monitors use advanced
technology to deliver high-quality
images and are suitable for
gaming, multimedia applications,
and office work.
Plasma
Plasma monitors offer thin
displays, superior response time,
and wide viewing angles
compared to other monitor types.
Audio Output Devices
Speaker
A speaker is a transducer that converts electrical
signals into audible sound waves. It typically consists
of a diaphragm or cone attached to a coil of wire
suspended in a magnetic field. When an electrical
current passes through the coil, it causes the
diaphragm to vibrate, producing sound waves that we
hear.
Headphones
Headphones are audio devices worn over the ears or
inserted into the ear canal, providing a personalized
listening experience. They consist of small speakers
(drivers) that convert electrical signals into sound
waves. Headphones are used with devices like
smartphones, computers, and audio players for
private listening, communication, gaming and
privacy in various environments.
Projection Output
1 Projector
A projector is an output device that projects images or videos onto a screen or surface. It
typically uses a light source, lenses, and imaging technology to display digital content from
sources such as computers, DVD players, or streaming devices. Projectors are commonly
used in classrooms, boardrooms, theaters, and homes for presentations, movies, gaming, and
large-scale viewing experiences.
Hardcopy Output Devices
Printer
Printers produce text and graphics on
paper, improving workflow and efficiency
by generating permanent, portable, and
tangible output.
Impact Printer
Impact printers work by direct contact of
an ink ribbon with paper, but their printing
quality is relatively low and generates
significant noise.

Non-Impact Printer

Non-impact printers create images without uninterrupted contact between the printing device
and the paper, resulting in higher-quality prints and less noise compared to impact printers.
Specialized Printing
3D Printer
A 3D printer is a device that creates three-
dimensional objects by depositing successive layers
of material according to a digital model. It melts or
softens material, typically plastic filament or resin,
and builds the object layer by layer. 3D printers are
used in prototyping, manufacturing, healthcare,
education, and various other industries for rapid,
customizable production.
Plotter
A plotter is a computer output device that produces
high-quality, large-scale graphics or drawings. It uses
pens, pencils, or other writing instruments to draw
precise lines on paper, fabric, or other media based on
digital commands. Plotters are commonly used in
engineering, architecture, cartography, and design for
creating technical drawings, blueprints, maps, and
artistic illustrations with accuracy and detail.
Understanding Memory Unit
• Memory unit is one of the component of computer system. It is used to store data, instructions and
Information. There are two types of memory. They are Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read only
Memory (ROM).
• The memory unit of computer system may store data either permanently or temporarily, The data stored in
RAM is temporarily stored and the data stored in Rom is permanently stored. The smallest unit of memory
unit which can represents or store data, item or a character is in byte. A group of 8 bits or 2 nibble is known
as 1 byte group where as I nibble is of 4 bits. The memory unit of computer will may be in Gigabyte,
terabyte and as well as in petabyte too. One petabyte is to equal to 1024 terabytes, I terabytes is equal to
1024 Gigabytes and I gigabyte is equal to 1024 megabytes. Mainly the files of computer system may be in
either in megabyte or in gigabyte.
• The memory unit of computer stores all the processed and unprocessed data. At first the data entered by
user is stored in memory unit and then it send for processing in CPU. Memory unit is the most important
unit of computer for each. and every work in computer. It holds the data and Instructions that the CPU
needs: without memory unit the processing of data will not work. 60, Memory unit is needed in each and
every computer.
Understanding
Microprocessors
A microprocessor is a complex system that performs arithmetic and logic
operations, such as addition and subtraction, and processes binary data to provide
output based on stored instructions. It consists of various components including
the ALU, control unit, register array, I/O unit, cache, and registers.
Microprocessors are known for their speed, low power consumption, portability,
reliability, and versatility. The clock speed, measured in MHz or GHz,
determines the rate at which a microprocessor executes instructions, while the
word length specifies the number of bits that can be processed in a single
instruction.
Components of a Microprocessor
Control Unit
The control unit reads
instructions and generates the
necessary digital signals to
operate the microprocessor and
other components.
I/O Unit
The I/O unit facilitates
communication with the rest of
the computer system, including
system memory (RAM) and
other peripherals.
ALU
The Arithmetic Logic Unit
performs arithmetic and logical
operations, including addition,
subtraction, multiplication,
division, and logical operations,
on numbers.
Understanding Clock Speed
1 Definition
Clock speed refers to the rate at which a
microprocessor executes instructions,
measured in MHz or GHz.
2 Measurement
1 MHz is equal to 1 million cycles per
second, while 1 GHz equals 1 billion
cycles per second. Each cycle represents
a single electric signal cycle.
Importance of Word Length
1 Definition
Word length refers to the number of bits
that a microprocessor can process in a
single instruction.
2 Significance
Most modern microprocessors use 32-
bit or 64-bit architecture, allowing for
efficient data processing and
management.
Microprocessor Functionality

1 2
Controls all other parts of the machine. Transfers data between memory and I/O devices.

3 4
Performs arithmetical and logical operations. Facilitates communication among I/O devices.
Role of Cache in Microprocessors
Definition
Cache is a type of memory located on the
chip, distinct from registers, used to store
frequently accessed data for faster retrieval.
Importance
It improves overall performance by
reducing the latency in accessing critical
data, thereby enhancing the efficiency of a
microprocessor.
Significance of Registers
1 Functionality
Registers serve as temporary storage within the
CPU, holding data and memory addresses
during microprocessor operation. They
facilitate rapid access to frequently used data,
optimizing processing efficiency. Registers
enable the CPU to execute instructions by
providing quick access to operands and
facilitating data manipulation within the
processor's arithmetic and logic units.
2 Role
The role of registers is essential in computer
architecture. They serve as temporary storage
units inside the CPU, holding data and memory
addresses during microprocessor operations.
Registers facilitate efficient data processing by
providing fast access to frequently used
information, optimizing computation, and
enabling the execution of instructions.
Microprocessor Performance & Power
=>The function of microprocessor are:
1. It transfer data between memory and I/O devices.
2. It perform arithmetical and logical operation.

3. It perform communication among the I/O devices, etc.

4. It execute programs stored in memory unit.

5. It decode the instruction.

6. It controls all other ports of the machine.
 Chapter-3

Introduction to
Computer Software
Computer software encompasses a wide array of programs, applications, and data
that direct a computer's operations. This introduction outlines the fundamental
concepts underlying software systems and lays the foundation for understanding
its complexities and roles in modern computing.
Types of Software
1 System Software
System software is a foundational component
of a computer system, facilitating its operation
and managing hardware resources. It includes
the operating system (OS), which coordinates
tasks and provides a user interface. System
software also encompasses device drivers,
utilities, and firmware. Its primary function is
to enable the execution of application software
and ensure efficient hardware utilization.
2 Application Software
Application software, distinct from system
software, fulfills specific user tasks. Examples
like word processors, web browsers, and games
serve various needs such as productivity,
communication, and entertainment. Unlike
system software that manages hardware,
application software directly addresses user
requirements, enhancing productivity and
creativity while facilitating efficient
communication and entertainment experiences.
System Software
Definition

System software comprises essential programs facilitating computer operation, distinct from application software.
It includes operating systems managing hardware resources, providing user interfaces, and executing tasks. Device
drivers enable communication between hardware and software, ensuring seamless operation. System utilities
perform maintenance, optimization, and security tasks, enhancing system performance and stability. Firmware
controls hardware components and implements low-level functions. Examples of system software include
Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, and device drivers for printers or graphics cards. Crucial for computer
functionality, system software enables the execution of application software, ensuring efficient hardware utilization
and user interaction.
Features of System Software
Manages Hardware
Resources
Oversees hardware utilization
for efficient operation of the
computer.
Provides User
Interface
Presents graphical or
command-line interfaces for
user interaction and control.
Executes Tasks
Schedules processes, allocates
resources, and manages
system services for task
execution.

Ensures System Stability Enables Application Execution

Includes error handling and security features to Abstracts hardware complexities, providing a
maintain system integrity and reliability. platform for running application software
seamlessly.
Types of System Software

1 Operating System

2 Utility Software

3 Language Processor
Operating System (OS)
An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and
provides a platform for running applications. It facilitates hardware resource
allocation, manages processes, controls input/output operations, and provides a
user interface. The OS ensures efficient utilization of resources, such as CPU,
memory, and storage, by scheduling tasks and handling interrupts. It also
provides essential services like file management, networking, and security.
Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux. The OS abstracts hardware
complexities, offering a standardized environment for software development and
user interaction, crucial for enabling diverse applications and ensuring stable and
reliable computer operation.
Function of OS
Memory Management Processor Management Device Management
Tracks memory for processes, Schedules tasks, allocates Manages device
ensuring efficient utilization CPU resources, and monitors communication, tracks
in multiprogramming process status, optimizing devices, controls access, and
environments. CPU utilization. efficiently allocates resources.

File Management User Interface

Organizes files, tracks locations, manages Provides interfaces for user interaction through
operations, and maintains integrity and security of graphical or command-line interfaces for system
file data. control.
Types of OS
1 Single user OS
A single-user operating system is tailored for
individual use, accommodating one user at a
time. It facilitates user interaction, application
execution, and file management. Widely used
examples encompass Microsoft Windows and
macOS, predominantly found on personal
computers, offering a seamless computing
experience tailored to individual user needs.
2 Multi user OS
A multi-user operating system enables
concurrent access for multiple users, ensuring
equitable resource allocation and security. It
facilitates simultaneous user sessions, crucial
for networked environments. Unix/Linux
variants and server OS like Windows Server
exemplify such systems, proficiently managing
shared resources and accommodating diverse
user needs across networks.
User Interface
A user interface (UI) serves as the intermediary between users and computer
systems, facilitating interaction and communication. It encompasses both
graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and command-line interfaces (CLIs). GUIs
utilize visual elements such as windows, icons, buttons, and menus to present
information and receive user input, offering intuitive navigation. CLIs rely on
text-based commands for interaction, suited for advanced users and automation
tasks. The UI interprets user actions, relaying commands to the system and
presenting feedback, enhancing user experience and productivity. Effective UI
design prioritizes simplicity, consistency, responsiveness, and accessibility,
ensuring seamless interaction and efficient utilization of computer resources.
Types of OS
GUI
GUI stands for Graphical User
Interface. It provides a visual way
for users to interact with the
computer. It uses icons, menus,
windows, and buttons to navigate
and perform tasks.
CUI
CUI stands for Command-Line User
Interface. It allows users to interact
with the computer through text-
based commands. Users type
commands to execute tasks and
interact with the system.
Open Source Software (OSS)
Open Source Software (OSS) refers to computer software whose source code is made available to
users under a license that allows users to study, modify, and distribute the software freely. This
licensing model promotes collaboration, transparency, and community-driven development. Users
can inspect the source code, modify it to suit their needs, and share their improvements with others.
Examples of popular open-source software include the Linux operating system, the Apache web
server, the Mozilla Firefox web browser, and the LibreOffice productivity suite. OSS fosters
innovation, accelerates software development, and promotes principles of transparency and
inclusivity in the software industry.
Advantage of Open Source Software
Transparency
Open source software allows
users to view and modify the
source code, promoting
transparency and
accountability.
Flexibility
Open source software can be
customized and adapted to
suit specific needs, offering
greater flexibility compared to
proprietary software.
Cost-effective
OSS is often available for free
or at a lower cost than
proprietary software, making
it a cost-effective choice for
organizations.

Community support Security

Open source software benefits from a large The open nature of the source code allows for
community of developers who contribute to its continuous scrutiny, which can result in enhanced
development, providing support and updates. security and rapid identification of vulnerabilities.
Disadvantages of Open Source Software
Learning curve
OSS may have a steeper learning curve compared
to proprietary software, requiring users to invest
time and effort in understanding its functionalities.
Fragmentation
The open source ecosystem can lead to
fragmentation, where multiple versions or
distributions of the same software exist,
potentially causing compatibility and support
issues.
Compatibility issues
OSS may face compatibility challenges with
certain hardware or proprietary software, requiring
additional configuration or customization.
Limited feature set
Some open source software may have a more
limited feature set compared to proprietary
alternatives, which may not meet the specific
requirements of certain users or organizations.
Language Processor
A language processor is a software component that facilitates the translation and execution of programming
languages. It includes compilers, interpreters, assemblers, and preprocessors. Compilers translate high-level code
into machine-readable instructions, while interpreters execute code directly. Assemblers convert assembly language
into machine code. Preprocessors handle tasks like macro expansion and file inclusion. These processors enable
programmers to write code in human-readable formats, abstracting complexities of hardware and operating
systems. They play a pivotal role in software development, aiding in code translation, execution, and optimization,
thus bridging the gap between human-readable code and machine-executable instructions.
Assembler vs Compiler vs Interpreter
Application Software
Application software refers to programs designed for specific tasks or functions to meet user needs.
Unlike system software, which manages computer hardware and provides foundational services,
application software directly serves end-users. Examples include word processors like Microsoft
Word, spreadsheets such as Microsoft Excel, web browsers like Google Chrome, and multimedia
players such as VLC Media Player. These programs enable users to perform a wide range of
activities, from creating documents and managing data to browsing the internet and playing media.
Application software enhances productivity, creativity, communication, and entertainment, catering to
diverse user requirements in various domains and industries.
Application Software Features
Word Processing

Applications like Microsoft Word allow users to create, edit and format documents, and include features like spell-
check, grammar-check, and thesaurus for enhanced writing capabilities.

Database Management
Database software like MySQL and Microsoft Access enable users to store, organize and manage large amounts of
data, and include features like data entry forms and query tools.

Graphic Design

Applications like Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator enable users to create and edit images, graphics, and
illustrations with a range of tools, filters, and effects.

Media Players

Media players like VLC and Windows Media Player enable users to play audio and video files of various formats,
and include features like playlists, equalizer, and subtitle support.

Project Management

Project management software like Trello and Asana enable users to plan, organize, and track tasks and projects,
and include features like boards, lists, and calendars.
Types of Application Software
1 package Software
Package software refers to a collection of
software programs bundled together to provide
a comprehensive solution for specific tasks or
industries. These packages often include
multiple applications and tools designed to
work together seamlessly, streamlining
workflows and enhancing productivity for
users in various domains.
2 Tailored Software
Tailored software, also known as custom
software, is specifically designed and
developed to meet the unique requirements of a
particular individual, organization, or industry.
It is built from scratch or customized from
existing solutions to address specific needs,
workflows, and preferences, providing tailored
functionalities and features.
Chapter-4
Understanding
Computer Memory
At its heart, computer memory functions as the critical infrastructure of the
computing world, analogous to the human brain's role in the nervous system. It's
a vibrant and intricate arena where data dances and instructions orchestrate the
symphony of processes that constitute the computational experience. Let us
embark on a journey through the digital neurons and synapses that preserve the
essence of our digital interactions.
Diving Into the Types of Memory
Cache Memory
A lightning flash in the matrix of
memory types, cache memory
operates at remarkable speeds,
serving as the CPU's shadow,
holding a mirage of frequently
accessed data for rapid retrieval.
Primary Memory
The centerpiece of the system's
memory, primary memory, also
known as RAM, is where the
active magic happens - where
programs live when they breathe
life into operations.
Secondary Memory
The lasting library of the digital
domain, secondary memory, or
storage, stands tall as the
custodian of all data destined for
dormancy yet capable of recall.
Cache Memory Features and Uses
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor
memory that acts as a buffer between the CPU and
the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of
data and program which are most frequently used by
the CPU. Cache memory has limited capacity and is
very expensive compared to main memory.
Cache Memory Features and Uses
Features of cache memory: Uses of cache memory:
Faster than main memory. Used to store temporary files.

Consumes less time. Used to store basic computer instructions that

were recently or frequently used.
Store program that can be executed in a short
period of time.
Speeds up the performance of the system.
Store data for temporary use.
Primary Memory
Primary Memory is a section of computer memory
that the CPU can access directly. It has a faster access
time than secondary memory and is faster than cache
memory in a memory hierarchy. On average, primary
memory has a storage capacity that is lower than
secondary memory but higher than cache memory. It
occupies the central position in the memory hierarchy
as it is able to communicate directly with both the
CPU and secondary memory through the I/O
processor.
Features of primary memory

1 Primary memory is made by electronic semiconductor devices.

2 It directly communicates with the CPU of the computer.

3 It is also needed by the system itself at the time of processing.

4 Primary memory is faster as compared to secondary memory.

5 It is very costly as compared to secondary memory.

Types of primary memory
1. RAM: RAM (random access memory) is a computer's short-term
memory, where the data that the processor is currently using is stored.
Your computer can access RAM memory much faster than data on a hard
disk, SSD, or other long-term storage device, which is why RAM
capacity is critical for system performance.

2. ROM: ROM (read-only memory) is a non-volatile memory type. This

means it receives data and permanently writes it on a chip, and it lasts
even after you turn off your computer. The data is coded to not be
overwritten, so it's used for things like your printer software or your
startup programs.
Types of RAM
SRAM
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) is a type of
volatile memory commonly used in CPUs for cache
memory and registers. It offers high-speed data
access and doesn't require refreshing like DRAM,
making it faster but more expensive per bit. It retains
data as long as power is supplied.
DRAM
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) is a
common type of volatile memory used in computers
and electronic devices for main memory. It stores
data as electric charge in capacitors, requiring
constant refreshing to maintain data integrity. DRAM
offers higher storage density and lower cost
compared to SRAM, albeit at slower access speeds.
Types of ROM
PROM
A PROM is a kind of ROM which
is manufactured as blank
memory. A programmer writes
program or data in the PROM
with the help of a special device
called a PROM burner. The
programs or data can be written
only once.
EPROM
An EPROM is such type of ROM
that allows a programmer to re
write the programs data on it by
erasing the previous contents.
The content of EPROM can be
erased by exposing it to
ultraviolet light.
EEPROM
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only
Memory) is non-volatile, used in
microcontrollers and devices for
small data storage, allowing
individual byte rewriting.
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory, such as hard disk drives (HDDs)
and solid-state drives (SSDs), stores data
permanently even when the power is off. It provides
high capacity for long-term storage, allowing users to
save files, programs, and system data. Secondary
memory is slower than primary memory but offers
non-volatile storage for computers.
Features of Secondary memory

1 These are magnetic and optical memory.

2 Also known as backup memory.

3 It is volatile memory.

4 Permanent data storage.

5 used for storage in computer and may run without it.

Types of secondary Memory
Magnetic Storage
Magnetic storage uses magnetic
patterns to store data on a
medium, such as tapes, hard disk
drives (HDDs), and floppy disks.
Data is encoded as magnetic
regions, which can be read and
written using magnetic heads. It
provides high capacity and non-
volatile storage, commonly used
in computer systems for
secondary memory.
optical storage
Optical storage employs lasers to
read and write data onto optical
discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-
ray discs. It offers large storage
capacity and longevity, but with
slower access speeds compared
to solid-state or magnetic
storage. Optical discs are
commonly used for archival
storage, software distribution,
and multimedia applications.
Flash Memory
Flash memory is a type of non-
volatile memory that retains data
even when power is removed.
It's used in USB drives, SSDs,
memory cards, and embedded
systems. Flash memory is known
for its fast read/write speeds, low
power consumption, and
durability, making it ideal for
portable storage and solid-state
storage solutions.
 Chapter-5

The Evolution and Impact of

the Internet
The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, do business, access
information, and interact with the world. From its early inception as a tool for
research and military communication to its current form as a ubiquitous global
network, the internet's growth has been nothing short of extraordinary. This
presentation will take you through the pivotal moments of the internet's history,
its applications, and the dynamic balance between its benefits and drawbacks.
5.1 Internet and its History

1 Origin as ARPANet
Initiated by the US Department of Defense in the late 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANet) laid the groundwork for the modern internet.

2 TCP/IP Inception
The development of TCP/IP protocols by Vint Cerf and Bob Khan in the early 1970s was crucial
for the interconnectivity between diverse computing networks.

3 Internet's Official Birthday

Marked on January 1, 1983, this date signifies the implementation of TCP/IP and the formal start
of the network that we now know as the internet.

4 Network Expansion
Over the years, the internet evolved into a complex mesh of networks, including LAN, MAN, and
WAN, encompassing a vast array of users and services worldwide.
5.2 The Dual Facets of Internet Use
Disadvantages
• Addiction and distraction
• Prevalence of unsolicited spam and intrusive
advertising
• Risk of exposure to inappropriate content
• Security concerns with data theft and viruses
• Social and psychological impacts like
depression and isolation
These points outline the potential downsides of
internet use, entailing various personal and societal
risks.
Advantages
1. Unprecedented connectivity and ease of
communication
2. Vast reservoirs of information and learning
resources
3. Opportunities for e-commerce and finance
4. Variety in entertainment and hobbies
5. Fostering remote work and global
collaboration
The benefits of the internet reflect its potential as a
tool for empowerment, education, and economic
growth.
Requirements for Internet
Connection
1)Internet connectivity

Internet connectivity refers to the ability of devices, networks, or individuals to

access the internet. It enables communication, information sharing, and access to
online services. Connectivity can vary in speed, reliability, and accessibility
based on factors like infrastructure, technology, and geographical location. It
plays a crucial role in shaping digital inclusion and socio-economic development
globally.
2)ISP
ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It refers to a company or organization
that provides users and businesses with access to the internet and related
services. ISPs typically offer various types of internet connections such as
broadband, DSL, fiber-optic, or satellite, along with additional services like
email, web hosting, and online security solutions. They play a fundamental role
in enabling individuals and businesses to connect to the internet and access
online resources. Examples of ISPs include Comcast, AT&T, Verizon, and
Spectrum.
Application of the
Internet
1)WWW
"www" stands for World Wide Web. It is a system of interconnected documents
and resources, accessed via the internet, that are linked together using hyperlinks
and URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). The World Wide Web enables users to
access a vast array of information, services, and multimedia content, including
websites, web pages, images, videos, and more. It was invented by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee in 1989 and has since become an integral part of the internet,
facilitating communication, collaboration, and the dissemination of knowledge
on a global scale.
2)E-mail
Email, short for electronic mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages
between people using electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, and
tablets. It allows users to send text-based messages, along with attachments such
as documents, images, or videos, to one or more recipients over the internet.
Email operates on a system of mail servers that store, forward, deliver, and
receive messages. It is one of the most widely used forms of communication for
personal, professional, and business purposes, offering convenience, speed, and
versatility in communication.
3)Telnet
Telnet is a network protocol that allows users to access and interact with remote
computers or systems over a network, typically the internet. It provides a virtual
terminal connection, enabling users to log in to a remote host and execute
commands as if they were directly connected to that host's terminal. Telnet
operates on the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and provides a
bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility. While Telnet was
widely used in the past for remote administration and accessing text-based
services, its usage has declined due to security vulnerabilities, as it transmits
data, including login credentials, in plaintext, making it susceptible to
interception and unauthorized access. As a result, more secure alternatives like
SSH (Secure Shell) are often preferred for remote access.
4)IRC
IRC stands for Internet Relay Chat. It is a text-based communication protocol
that enables real-time communication and group discussion over the internet.
IRC allows users to connect to IRC servers using client software and join chat
rooms (channels) dedicated to various topics or interests. Within these channels,
users can exchange messages, share files, and participate in discussions with
other users who are also connected to the same server and channel. IRC has been
a popular means of online communication since its creation in 1988 and
continues to be used for both casual and professional purposes, including online
communities, technical support, and collaborative work environments.
5)E-commerce
E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of
goods or services over the internet. It involves online transactions conducted
through websites, mobile apps, or other digital platforms. E-commerce
encompasses a wide range of activities, including online retail, digital payments,
online auctions, and business-to-business trading. It has revolutionized the way
businesses operate and consumers shop, offering convenience, accessibility, and
a global marketplace. E-commerce platforms often provide features such as
product catalogs, shopping carts, secure payment gateways, and customer
support to facilitate transactions and enhance the online shopping experience.
Chapter-6
Introduction to
Multimedia
• Multimedia is the combination of different media component such as text,
images, audio, animations, video and interactive contents.

• Computers, computerized software's, audio devices, video recording and

playing devices and content display devices are used in different
multimedia components.

• There are many multimedia software's like Photoshop, PowerPoint, VLC

player, etc. are in use.
Advantage of Multimedia
Increased
Enhanced Engagement Versatility
Communication
Interactive elements like Multimedia's adaptability

Multimedia integrates text, animations,games and spans devices, catering to

audio, video, and graphics to prolonging user interaction diverse preferences and

convey messages more and fostering active accessibility.

effectively. participation.

Rich Content Experience Improved Marketing Effectiveness

Combining multiple media formats enhances Multimedia empowers marketers to craft
immersion, understanding, and retention compelling materials, blending rich visuals and
effectively. interactive features for heightened engagement
and conversion.
Disadvantages of Multimedia
Technical Limitations
Multimedia content may require specific hardware
or software, limiting accessibility for some users.
Complexity
Creating multimedia content often requires
specialized skills and tools, increasing production
costs and time.
Bandwidth Dependency
High-quality multimedia content can be data-
intensive, requiring fast internet connections for
seamless streaming or downloading.
Distraction
Excessive multimedia elements may overwhelm
users, detracting from the main message or
content delivery.
Components of Multimedia
There are five components of multimedia. They are:

1)Text
• Text is the most common element of multimedia.
• It is required to type text to give information in different presentations. It is not possible to give an effective
presentation without the text element.
• Text can be formatted to give a more appealing presentation.

2)Audio
• Audio is another component of multimedia.
• It is used in websites, presentations, videos, and so on.
• Your website or presentation can add sound, from a musical background to a spoken explanation, by
including audio files.
3)Video
• Video presents moving pictures and typically combines images and sound for a compelling multimedia
experience.
• Video files are some of the most memory-intensive multimedia applications, but clever streaming methods
makes their use practical in everyday use.
• Of course, videos can include text as well, which often appears as captioning for spoken words or as text in
an image, as in the case of a slide presentation.

4)Image
• Multimedia works containing both text and images.
• The growth of electronic communications has meant that older text-only forms of communication could be
enhanced with photographs and images as well. Small images such as thumbnails or icons are often used as
a visual "entry point" to larger images or more detailed information.
5)Animation
1. Animation in multimedia creates motion through rapid display of sequential images, including traditional,
computer-generated, stop-motion, and 3D techniques.
2. It's used for entertainment, education, marketing, and more, enhancing storytelling, engagement, and visual
appeal across various multimedia platforms.
3. Pre-production involves planning and conceptualizing, production includes creating animation, and post-
production refines and enhances the final product.
4. Animation impacts multimedia by captivating audiences, conveying messages effectively, and enhancing
user experiences through dynamic storytelling and immersive visuals.

5. Its versatility and ability to transcend physical limitations make animation a powerful tool for
communication, creativity, and expression in multimedia.
Applications of Multimedia
Multimedia is used in various application field. But
some of important field where multimedia are used are
given below:

5)Science and engineering

• Multimedia had a wide application in the field of science and technology .
• The multimedia system is capable of transferring audio, and clips in addition to the regular text.
It is even capable of sending message and formatted multimedia documents.

• At the same time the multimedia also help in live which is a live interaction through audio
messages and it is only possible with the multimedia.
• It reduces the time and cost and can be arranged at any moment even in
emergencies.
2)Education
• Multimedia is used to instruct as a master (guide) because nowadays, multimedia CD are used instead of
text books.
• Knowledge can be easily obtained by using multimedia CD in computer because multimedia CD includes
text, pictures, sound and film which helps the students to understand more easily and clearly than the text
books.
• For the use of multimedia as an education help the PC contains a high quality display.
• This all has promoted the development of a wide range of computer based training.

3)Business
• The business application of multimedia includes, product demos, instant messaging.
• Multimedia is used in business for training employees using projectors, presenting sales,
educating customers etc. It helps for the promotion of business and new products.
• One the excellent applications is voice and live conferencing.
• A multimedia can make a audience come live.
4)Medical Field
• Multimodal technologies are constantly being developed to assist people in their daily life, with a vast range
of wearable sensors now available for monitoring health parameters (e.g. blood pressure, sweat, body
temperature, heart rate etc.), lifestyle (e.g. monitoring utility use, levels of activity, sleep quantity and
quality etc.), a person’s ability to carry out activities of daily living.

• At the same time, health professionals have integrated new technologies into their workflow, for example
by using various types of medical imagery to facilitate and support their clinical practice and diagnosis, and
also by examining data from sensors and home medical devices, which allow them to remotely care for
their patients.

• Health records and databases are now enriched with digital multimodal data on the patients, for which new
methods need to be developed for accurate and fast access and retrieval.
 Chapter-7
Introduction to
Emerging Technology
In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, emerging technology plays a
pivotal role in shaping various industries. From artificial intelligence (AI) to
cloud computing and distributed computing, these innovative technologies are
revolutionizing the way businesses operate and individuals interact with the
digital world.
Concept of Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
1 Learning and Adapting
AI refers to the development of computer
systems capable of performing tasks that
typically require human intelligence. This
includes learning, reasoning, problem-
solving, perception, and language
understanding.
2 Machine Learning
Machine learning is a core component of
AI, enabling systems to learn and improve
from experience without being explicitly
programmed. It plays a critical role in
various AI applications, from predictive
analytics to natural language processing.

3 Automation and Optimization

AI technologies automate repetitive tasks, optimize processes, and provide valuable insights
through data analysis, ultimately leading to enhanced efficiency and innovation across industries.
Characteristic of Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
Adaptability
AI systems are designed to adapt
to new inputs and perform
iterative learning. This allows
them to evolve and continuously
improve their performance over
time.
Data Analysis
AI has the capability to analyze
large datasets at a rapid pace,
extracting valuable insights and
patterns that would be
challenging for human analysts
to identify.
Decision-Making
AI can make informed decisions
based on complex data and
algorithms, assisting in critical
decision-making processes
within various domains.
Application of Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
1 Healthcare
AI is revolutionizing healthcare with applications such as disease diagnosis, personalized
treatment plans, and predictive analytics to improve patient outcomes.

2 Business Automation
AI enables automation of repetitive tasks, data analysis, and customer service, leading to increased
productivity and cost savings.

3 Autonomous Vehicles
AI is a core component of self-driving car technology, enhancing safety and efficiency on the
roads.
Concept of Cloud Computing
Scalability
Cloud computing allows for seamless
scalability, enabling businesses to expand
and contract their IT resources based on
evolving needs and demand.
Global Accessibility
Cloud computing provides universal access to data and applications, allowing users to work
from anywhere with an internet connection.
Cost-Efficiency
Organizations can significantly reduce
infrastructure and maintenance costs
through the adoption of cloud-based
services, paying only for the resources they
use.
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Flexibility
Cloud computing offers flexible
and scalable infrastructure,
enabling businesses to adapt to
changing demands and
requirements.
Cost-Effectiveness
Cloud services eliminate the need
for extensive on-site hardware and
maintenance, reducing overall IT
costs.
Enhanced Productivity
Remote access and collaboration
tools provided by cloud
computing enhance productivity
and teamwork.
Cloud Computing Services
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
IaaS offers virtualized computing resources over the internet, allowing businesses to
outsource their infrastructure needs.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS provides software applications through the internet on a subscription basis,
reducing the need for extensive installations and maintenance.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS provides a platform enabling customers to develop, run, and manage
applications without dealing with the intricacies of infrastructure.
Concept of Distributed
Computing

Data mining is the practice of discovering meaningful patterns and insights from
large datasets through statistical, computational, and machine learning
techniques. It involves extracting knowledge from raw data to uncover trends,
associations, and anomalies that can inform decision-making and predictive
modeling. By analyzing vast amounts of information, data mining facilitates
understanding of complex phenomena, enabling organizations to gain valuable
insights, enhance operations, and drive innovation in various domains.
Advantages of Distributed Computing
Scalability Reliability Efficiency

Distributed computing systems Redundancy in distributed Tasks can be performed in

can easily scale by adding more
computing resources, allowing
for seamless expansion to
accommodate growing
workloads.
systems ensures that if one parallel, reducing the time
component fails, the system can required to process large
continue to operate, reducing the volumes of data, leading to
risk of complete system failure. increased efficiency.
Concept of IoT
1 Definition
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices and
objects that can communicate and exchange data with each other.

2 Functionality
IoT enables devices to collect and exchange data, leading to automation, efficiency,
and improved decision-making.

3 Impact
IoT has the potential to revolutionize various industries, from healthcare and
agriculture to manufacturing and transportation.
Components of IoT

1 Sensors/Devices 2 Connectivity
These are the physical components that collect IoT devices use various means to connect to
data such as temperature, movement, and the internet or other devices, including Wi-Fi,
sound. Bluetooth, and cellular networks.

3 Data Processing 4 User Interface

Once data is collected, it needs to be analyzed A user interface allows humans to interact with
and processed to extract meaningful insights IoT devices, providing control and access to
and information. data.
Advantages of IoT

Efficiency Connectivity Innovation

IoT enables automation and Seamless connectivity between IoT fosters innovation by creating
optimization of processes, leading devices and systems enables real- new opportunities for smart and
to increased efficiency. time data exchange and decision- connected products and services.
making.
Concept of Big Data
Big data refers to the vast volume of structured and unstructured data generated by digital processes,
devices, and interactions. It encompasses the three Vs: volume (large amounts of data), velocity
(speed of data generation), and variety (different types of data). Big data analytics aims to extract
valuable insights, patterns, and trends from this data to inform decision-making, improve operations,
and drive innovation across various industries and domains.
Characteristics of Big Data
Volume
Refers to the vast amount of data generated, collected, and stored by organizations
and systems.

Velocity
Represents the speed at which data is generated, processed, and made available for
analysis and decision-making.

Variety
Indicates the diverse types and sources of data, including structured, semi-structured,
and unstructured data.
Concept of Data Mining
Data mining is the process of extracting patterns, insights, and valuable
knowledge from large datasets using various techniques from statistics, machine
learning, and database systems. It involves exploring and analyzing data to
uncover hidden patterns, correlations, and trends that can be used to make
informed decisions, predict future outcomes, or discover new opportunities. Data
mining techniques include clustering, classification, association rule mining,
regression analysis, and anomaly detection, among others. It finds applications
across industries such as marketing, finance, healthcare, and retail, aiding in
decision-making and improving business processes.
Advantages of Data Mining

1 Better Marketing 📈 2 Improved Customer Relationship

💬
Data mining enables targeted marketing
strategies based on customer behavior and By analyzing customer data, businesses can
preferences. enhance interactions and anticipate needs.

3 Increased Cost Efficiency 💰 4 Employee Productivity 🚀

Data mining helps in identifying cost-saving Insights from data mining can lead to
opportunities and optimizing operations. streamlined processes and improved
productivity.
Applications of Data Mining
E-commerce Insurance Entertainment Healthcare

Data mining helps in It's used for risk Data mining assists in Data mining is used
personalized analysis, fraud content for disease prediction,
recommendations, detection, and creating recommendations, patient monitoring,
targeted advertising, custom insurance audience analysis, and and improving
and fraud detection. plans. targeted marketing. healthcare outcomes.
Cryptography
1 Encryption 🔒 2 Decryption 🔓
Process of converting information into a Reversing the process of encryption to
secure code to prevent unauthorized make the data readable again.
access.
Types of Cryptography
1 Symmetric Cryptography
Uses the same key for both encryption
and decryption of the data. It's fast and
efficient.
2 Asymmetric Cryptography
Utilizes a public-private key pair and is
ideal for secure communication over
insecure channels.
Concept of Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality (VR) immerses users in a simulated environment generated by computer technology, isolating them
from the physical world. VR typically involves wearing a headset that tracks head movements to provide a 3D
experience. Users can interact with the virtual environment through specialized controllers or gestures, enhancing
the sense of presence and realism. VR finds applications in gaming, simulations, training, therapy, and virtual
tourism, offering immersive experiences that can stimulate the senses and transport users to fantastical or realistic
environments.
Concept of Augmented Reality
Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital information or virtual objects onto the real world, typically
viewed through a device like a smartphone, tablet, or AR headset. It enhances the user's perception of
reality by blending computer-generated elements with the physical environment. AR applications
range from gaming and entertainment to education, healthcare, and industrial training. By merging
virtual and real worlds, AR offers immersive experiences and practical functionalities, facilitating
enhanced interaction and understanding in various contexts.
 Difference Between AR and VR
AR VR
The system augments the real-world scene Completely immersive virtual environment
In AR User always have a sense of presence in the real In VR, visual senses are under control of the system
world

AR is 25% virtual and 75% real VR is 75% virtual and 25% real
This technology partially immerses the user into the This technology fully immerses the user into the
action action

AR requires upwards of 100 Mbps bandwidth VR requires at least a 50 Mbps connection

No AR headset is needed. Some VR headset device is needed.
With AR, end-users are still in touch with the real By using VR technology, VR user is isolated from the
world while interacting with virtual objects nearer to real world and immerses himself in a completely
them. fictional world.

It is used to enhance both real and virtual worlds. It is used to enhance fictional reality for the gaming
world.
Thank You