READING AND

WRITING
SKILLS
Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text Types
Table of Contents
Reading as a Skill Levels of
Comprehension
Text as Connected Summarizing and
Discourse Paraphrasing
Reading Process Distinguishing Facts
From Opinion
Techniques in
Reading Outlining

Contextual Clues Graphic Organizers

READING AS
A SKILL
Why is reading a skill?
 According to Fisher and Frey (2008)
Students of the 21st century must
BER be able to locate, understand, evaluate
REM EM
and use written information in their
!
personal and academic lives.

REMEMBER!
 TEXT AS A
CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
Why is reading a text
considered as a form of
discourse?
 It is considered a connected discourse
between the reader and the text. There
Text as has to be a connectedness among the
se
Discour
three: Author, reader and text

Text as Discourse
 THE
READING
PROCESS
PRE-REDING
DURING READING
POST READING
 PRE-READING
DURING READING
POST READING
 • The purpose of reading is set
• Schema of the reader is
activated
Reading • Meaning of unfamiliar word is
Process deciphered

Pre-Reading
 • The reader grasp the meaning of
the new material
Reading • Connects the new meaning the
Process his/her schema

During Reading
 • The reader predicts, evaluates,
guesses and analyzes
Reading information whether to accept
Process or reject it.

Post Reading
TECHNIQUES
IN READING
Different Reading
Strategies
 Skimming
Scanning
Comprehensive
Critical
 This is a strategy used to get only the main ides of a
written text in order to know what the material is all
about. There are three styles for this:
1. Previewing – it involves giving the material a
general look in order to know what the material
Reading contains.
es 2. Overviewing – This makes use of taking a look
Strategi at the title, chapter or heading.
3. Surveying – This involves giving the text a
rundown from first section to the last section.
Skimming
 This is used to search only
for specific information
Reading
es needed
Strategi
Scanning
 This technique requires pro-
cessing of the text for full
Reading understanding of the
es
Strategi material.
Comprehensive
 It is a technique which
involves an analysis of the
Reading
es claims presented in the text.
Strategi
Critical
CONTEXTUA
L CLUES
Usage of contextual clues
in unlocking difficulties
Contextual Clues
 These are words, phrases and
sentences that would help
you to decipher the meaning
on textu al
C of difficult words in the
Clues
selection
Contextual Clues
 Different ways of
using context clues
 1. Use synonyms as context clues
2. Use antonyms as context clues

on textu al 3. Use examples as context clues

C 4. Structural analysis as context clues
Clues
Contextual Clues
 Synonyms appear in a sentence in the following
way:
By dashes
She finds solace –comfort- in the country side

By Commas to separate appositive

The advocates, supporters of anti-mining fomed a
picket outside the building
on textu al
C By parenthesis
Clues The local residents among the hordes (a large group of
people) who line up to take their chance in the contest
Synonyms as Context Clues
 Examples:
1. His siblings are generous and giving but
she is so stingy
2. As an optimist, Lara looks for a brighter

on textu al future. However, there are times due to

C the problems she cannot help but to
Clues become a pessimist

Antonyms as Context Clues

 Examples:
1. His siblings are generous and giving but
she is so stingy
2. As an optimist, Lara looks for a brighter

on textu al future. However, there are times due to

C the problems she cannot help but to
Clues become a pessimist

Antonyms as Context Clues

 Lyn is on a diet. However, she still ate a
portion of everything served like a small
piece of meat, a small piece of bread and a
small piece of cake.

on textu al
C Nutritious food such as fruits and vegetables
Clues help our bodies grow.

Examples as Context Clues

 This technique looks into the root word and
affixes of the unfamiliar word. The root word
is the base form of the word. An affix is a
letter, sound or syllable added to the initial
on textu al (Prefix) or last (suffix) part of the word to
C
Clues form another word.

Structural analysis as context clues

 1. Disagree
2. International
3. Precision
on textu al 4. Windy
C
Clues
Structural analysis as context clues
 LEVELS OF
COMPREHENSIO
N
THE THREE LEVELS
OF COMPREHENSION
 Literal Comprehension
Inferential Comprehension
Applied Comprehension
 It involves understanding of the
f
message directly stated in the text.
Levels o n
o m pre hensio
C

Literal Comprehension
 It means that you as a reader can
make inferences, draw
conclusions and predict outcomes
f
Levels o n from information implicitly stated
o m pre hensio in the text.
C

Inferential Comprehension
 It is how you are able to use your
experience and prior knowledge
f
into the written text in making an
Levels o n evaluation.
o m pre hensio
C

Applied Comprehension
SUMMARIZING
AND
PARAPHRASING
Synthesizing text through
summarizing and
paraphrasing
 The process of condensing the text
into a shorter form. It involves
getting only the most important
umm a rizing parts of the material.
S

Summarizing
 The ancient masters might not have known it,
but studying their teachings can increase
one’s intelligence quotient. Pondering over
what they said, which had been passed on to
us through their writings, as well as from
other sources compiled by scribes and
chronicles, could greatly benefit us who are
rizing living in today’s technically driven society
Summ a
Summarized: Reflecting on these teachings of
the ancient masters written and compiled by
writers help us in this modern world.

Summarizing
 Entails the use of rewording and
rephrasing of the original text to
rasing
achieve clarity.
P a r aph

Paraphrasing
 The ancient masters might not have known it, but
studying their teachings can increase one’s
intelligence quotient. Pondering over what they
said, which had been passed on to us through their
writings, as well as from other sources compiled by
scribes and chronicles, could greatly benefit us who
are living in today’s technically driven society

a r aphrasing
P Paraphrased: An analysis and study on these
teachings of the most ancient masters can improve
our intellectual aspect. Reflecting on these
teachings which were compiled by writers could
benefit us in this modern world

Paraphrasing
 ORGANIZING
INFORMATION THORUGH
OUTLINING AND
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
OUTLINING AND
GRAPHIC
ORGANIZERS
Outline
 It is the skeletal structure of a text.
It uses a numbering system in
order for one to arrange ideas,
details and examples
Outline
chronologically.

Outline
 2 kinds of numbering system in an
outline:
1. Traditional
Outline 2. Modern

Outline
 2 kinds of numbering system in an
outline:
1. Traditional
Outline 2. Modern

Outline
 2 kinds of outline according to
structure:
1. Topic outline
Outline 2. Sentence Outline

Outline
Outline

Topic Outline
Outline

Sentence Outline
Graphic Organizers
 Techniques in organizing
information that involves the use
of symbols. These symbols
represents knowledge, concepts,
Graphic thoughts, ideas or even
er s
Organiz
relationships between them.
Graphic Organizer
 Valuable tool in coming up with a
structured representation of the specific
topic needer for your purpose. By merely
looking at the visual representation, you
are able to establish a clear train of
Graphic
er s thought which makes it easy to grasp the
Organiz
entire topic.

Graphic Organizer