Research Methodologies

with a perspective of Quality Thesis

1
Inventions and Innovations
Invention
It is the "creation of a product or introduction of a process
for the first time."

Innovation
It happens when someone "improves on or makes a
significant contribution" to something that has already
been invented.
 If invention is a pebble tossed in the pond,

innovation is the rippling effect that pebble causes.

Someone has to toss the pebble. That's the inventor.

Someone has to recognize the ripple will eventually

become a wave. That's the entrepreneur.
 Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist,

inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited
with patenting the first practical telephone.
Bell was awarded his patent for the telephone
on March 7, 1876
 Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical

physicist.
He developed the general theory of relativity, one
of the two pillars of modern physics.
In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics
 Aryabhatta

Aryabhatta (476-550 A.D.), one of the world’s

greatest mathematician- astronomer
Invented Zero
 Orville Wright – Wilbur Wright

Orville wright Wilbur wright Inventors of Air craft

Completed 3years of Completed 4years
high school of high school
 Inventor Thomas Edison

Inventor Thomas Edison created such great innovations as the electric

light bulb and the phonograph.

By the time he died on October 18, 1931, Thomas Edison had amassed a
record 1,093 patents: 389 for electric light and power, 195 for the
phonograph, 150 for the telegraph, 141 for storage batteries and 34 for
the telephone.
 William Sturgeon

Invention of the Electromagnet

Sturgeon in 1824. Sturgeon`s original drawing from his 1824 paper to

the British Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce.

The magnet was made of 18 turns of bare copper wire (insulated wire
had not yet been invented)
 Willem Einthoven

Willem Einthoven was the inventor of the ECG,

who won the Nobel Prize (1924) for medicine.
 Inventor of Raman Effect

Sir C V Raman

He was the recipient of the Nobel prize for Physics in

1930 for the discovery that when Light traverses a
transparent material, some of the light that is deflected
changes in wavelength.
 Madam Marie Curie

Marie Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only
woman to win the award in two different fields (physics and chemistry).

Curie's efforts, with her husband Pierre Curie, led to the discovery of
polonium and radium and, after Pierre's death, the further development
of X-rays.
 VA Shiva Ayyadurai

VA Shiva Ayyadurai is an Indian-born American scientist.

As a high school student in 1979, he developed an
electronic version of an interoffice mail system, which he
called "EMAIL" and copyrighted in 1982.
Dr. Vishal Rao, a Bangalore based oncologist, has developed
a voice prosthesis that can help throat cancer patients speak
after surgery. And unlike the extremely expensive ones
available in the market today, this device will cost just Rs. 50.
Dr. R.A. Mashelkar, Former DG , CSIR

o Child Centered Education

o Woman Centered Family
o Human Centered Development
o Knowledge Centered Society
o Innovation Centered India

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 Responsibilities of the Teacher

1. Knowledge Acquisition
2. Knowledge Dissemination
3. Knowledge Preservation
4. Knowledge Application
5. Knowledge Evaluation
6. Knowledge Creation

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Education as the primary means for achieving
a National awakening
and
Research is means for National Development

19
Words of Swami Vivekananda

Purity, Patience and Perseverance are

keys of Success, above all Love all

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 One person’s half-baked suggestion resonates in
the mind of another and suddenly takes a definite shape.
An insightful critique of one way of thinking about a
problem leads to another, better understanding. An
incomprehensible simulation result suddenly makes sense
as two people try to understand it together. (Hakkarainen et
al, 2004, p. 149)

Hakkarainen, T., Palonen, T., Paavola, S., & Lehtinen, E.

(2004). Communites of networked expertise:
Professional and educational perspectives.
Amsterdam: Elsevier.

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RESEARCH METHODS/
TYPES OF RESEARCH

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 BASIC RESEARCH
The research is for
• Knowledge enhancement,
• No immediate commercial potential.
• Human welfare, Animal welfare and plant kingdom welfare.

It is called basic, pure, fundamental research.

The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to create or

invent something.

There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that

result from basic research.

Basic research lay down the foundation for the applied research.

People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict what is

going to develop from the basic research
Example : How did the universe begin? 23
 APPLIED RESEARCH

• Applied research is designed to solve practical problem of the

modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge
sake.
• The goal of applied research is to improve the human condition. It
focuses on analysis and solving social and real life problems. And
it is expensive
• Applied research is an investigation for ways of using scientific
knowledge to solve practical problems. Example : improve
agriculture crop production, treat or cure a specific disease,
improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, how can
communication among workers in large companies be improved?
• Applied research can be further classified as problem oriented
and problem solving research.

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 Problem oriented research: Research is done by industry
apex body for sorting out problems faced by all the companies.
Example: WTO does problem oriented research for developing
countries, in india agriculture and processed food export
development authority (APEDA) conduct regular research for
the benefit of agri-industry.

Problem solving Research: This type of research is done by

an individual company for the problem faced by it. Marketing
research and market research are the applied research.
Example: videocon international conducts research to study
customer satisfaction level, it will be problem solving research.

In short, the main aim of applied research is to discover

some solution for some pressing practical problem.

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 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Quantitative research aim to measure the quantity or amount and

compares it with past records and tries to project for future
period.

• The objective of qualitative research is to develop and employ

mathematical models, theories or hypothesis pertaining to
phenomena.

• The process of measurement is central to quantitative research

because it provides fundamental connection between empirical
observation and mathematical expression of quantitative
relationships.

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Statistics is the most widely used branch of mathematics in
quantitative research. Statistical methods are used
extensively with in fields such as economics and commerce.

Quantitative research involving the use of structured questions,

where the response options have been pre-determined and large
number of respondents is involved.

 Example: Total sales of soap industry in terms of rupees

cores and or quantity in terms of lakhs tones for particular
year, say 2008,could be researched, compared with past 5
years and then projection for 2009 could be made.

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 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research presents non-qualitative type of analysis.
Qualitative research is collecting, analyzing and interpreting data by
observing what people do and say.

• Qualitative research refers to the meanings, definitions,

characteristics, symbols, metaphors, and description of things.
Qualitative research is much more subjective and uses very different
methods of collecting information, mainly individual, in-depth
interviews and focus groups.

• The nature of this type of research is exploratory and open ended.

Small number of people are interviewed in depth and or a relatively
small number of focus groups are conducted.

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Qualitative research can be further classified in the following
type.

I.Phenomenology: a form of research in which the researcher

attempts to understand how one or more individuals
experience a phenomenon. Eg:-we might interview 20 victims
of Bhopal tragedy.

II. Ethnography: this type of research focuses on describing the

culture of a group of people. A culture is the shared
attributes, values, norms, practices, language, and material
things of a group of people. Eg:-the researcher might decide
to go and live with the tribal in Andaman island and study the
culture and the educational practices

III. Case study: is a form of qualitative research that is focused

on providing a detailed account of one or more cases

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TYPES OF RESEARCH

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 INTERDISCIPLINARY

“Research, teaching, or problem solving that integrates several

disciplines to create a unified outcome”

--James Collins
An interdisciplinary community or project is made
up of people from multiple disciplines and professions who are
engaged in creating and applying new knowledge as they work
together as equal stakeholders in addressing a common challenge.

The key question is what new knowledge (of an academic

discipline nature), which is outside the existing disciplines, is
required to address the challenge.

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 MULTIDISCIPLINARY

• A multidisciplinary community or project is made up of people

from different disciplines and professions who are engaged in
working together as equal stakeholders in addressing a common
challenge.

• The key question is how well can the challenge be decomposed

into nearly separable subparts, and then addressed via the
distributed knowledge in the community or project team.

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 MULTI- AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

A A
Work on
Multidisciplinary
common problem
B B

A
Interaction
C Interdisciplinary
forges new discipline
B

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 TRANSDISCIPLINARITY

• Transdisciplinarity connotes a research strategy that crosses

many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach.

• It applies to research efforts focused on problems that cross the

boundaries of two or more disciplines, such as research on
effective information systems for biomedical research and can
refer to concepts or methods that were originally developed by
one discipline, but are now used by several others, such as
ethnography, a field research method originally developed in
anthropology but now widely used by other disciplines.

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 INTRA DISCIPLINARY

• An Intra disciplinary approach involves an arrangement of the

knowledge and skills within one subject area.

• This approach respects the subject's way of knowing distinct

conceptual structures and methods of inquiry.

• It aims at integrating the subject's knowledge and skills into a

coherent whole. Also a part of this approach is vertical
integration where knowledge and skills within one subject area
are connected from grade-to-grade

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36
 RESEARCH TOPICS

• Air Quality • Land Use

• Climate Change
• Environment
• Ecosystem Management
(Optimizing the natural
resources)
• Electricity
• Energy
• Environmental Regulation
• Food and Agriculture
• Forests
• Marine Resources
• Policy Instruments
• Risk Management
• Space
• Transportation
• Waste Management and Site
Cleanup
• Water
• Pharmacy
• Engineering disciplines
• Management

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 SELECTION OF THE AREA FOR ENGINEERING

 Electronics and Communication Engg  Electrical & Electronics Engineering

• Signal & Image Processing • Power Systems
• Communication Engineering • Power Electronics
• VLSI Design
• VLSI Design
 Civil Engineering
• Structural Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
• Soil Mechanics • Thermal Engineering
• Environmental Engineering • Production Engineering
 Computer Science Engineering • Machine Designing
• Data Mining and Data ware
housing
• Mobile Computing
• Computer Architecture

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 SELECTION OF TOPIC
(CHECK FOR VIABILITY, WITH HARDWARE)
• Image Processing • Pattern Recognition
Image enhancement Voice Recognition
Image restoration
Speech Recognition
Image segmentation
Image mosaic Face Recognition
Image matching Iris Recognition
Image registration Character Recognition
Image watermarking
Palm Recognition
Image In-painting
Finger Print Recognition
Image compression
Image fusion Vein Recognition
Image retrieval Ear Pattern Recognition
Super resolution
DNA Recognition
Visual Cryptography

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 Selection of the subjects in the course work
(preferably one subject on advanced maths)

Related to the area of the Research

Example:
If the area of research is Image Processing
• Pattern Recognition
• Computer vision
• Image Processing
• Statistics and Random Variable
• Transform Techniques
• Mathematics

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 Reading the books in that subject

• http://www.flazx.com/

• http://www.ebooks.com/

• http://www.faadooengineers.com/content/

• http://bookboon.com/en/textbooks

• http://www.ebooksdownloadfree.com/

• http://www.freeengineeringbooks.com/

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Implementing the small projects in the area of the work

• Mini Projects

• UG Projects

• PG Thesis

• Comparison of techniques in Literature

• Understanding the limitations, disadvantages & advantages

• Identifications of new tools

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 COLLECTION OF LITERATURE
(soft copy & Hard copy)
• Elsevier , IEEE Xplore, ASME, ASCE, ACM etc., Websites

• Published papers in reputed Journals

• Published Papers in reputed National & International Conferences

• Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC)

Location:
14, Satsang Marg, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi ,
309 Bipin Behari Ganguly, Street, E-block, 2nd Floor, Kolkata,
Indian Institute of Science Campus , Bangalore
• Online Journals

• Frequent visits to Libraries of higher learning institutes

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 Fundamental Steps
• Study of Survey Papers (Historical background)

• Attending the conferences…

• Discussing with other research scholars

• Acquaintance with the verbatim of the topic

• Applications of the topic selected

• User Community

For example: www.watermarkingworld.org

• File sharing sites (www.mathworks.com)

• FAQ, White papers, Tutorials, and demos

• Implementation of Routine and Standard basic Algorithms which are thoroughly understood

• Preferably collect all the research papers available in the area of research, in particular for the

last three years from standard journals

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 SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR ENGINEERING

• MATLAB (SCILAB)& SIMULINK

• LAB VIEW
• CADENCE
• Ansys software
• Studds software
• NetSIM
• Auto CAD
• Octave – programming language (very similar to Matlab) with statistical
features
• Mathematica

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 Benchmarking the algorithms, database
(speech database, image database, video database )

• COREL Database (CBIR applications)

• BIT : (http://biometrics.idealtest.org/)
For Iris, Face, Fingerprint, Palm print, Face, Handwriting & Signature,
Multispectral Palm

Video Database:
http://trecvid.nist.gov/
http://trec.nist.gov/
http://www.open-video.org/
http://ivp.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/index.shtml

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 IDENTIFY THE PERFORMANCE METRICS
• Signal compression
• PSNR,
• Entropy,
• Compression ratio
• Watermarking
• PSNR
• Normalized Cross correlation
• Computational complexity
• Information hiding capacity
• Data Retrieval
• Retrieval rate
• Retrieval efficiency
• Computation time
• Image Segmentation
• Segmentation accuracy,
• Sensitivity
• Specificity etc.

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 RESEARCH TOOLS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• Optimization Techniques
o Dynamic Programming,
o Simulated Annealing,
o Genetic algorithm,
o Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) algorithm
o Particle Swarm Optimization

• Neural Networks
o Multi Layer Perceptron
o Hopfield Network
o Adaptive Resonance Theory
o Kohonen Network

• Sub band Decomposition Techniques

o Wavelets,
o Curvelets,
o Contourlets,
o S-Transform,
o Nonsubsampled Contourlet 48
 f(t)

W(t)

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• Support Vector Machines

• Deep learning, Compressed Sensing, Sentiment Analysis

• Fuzzy set Theoretic Techniques

• Rough sets/ Fuzzy Rough sets/ Rough Fuzzy sets

• Statistical tools, viz., Probability, Random variables, stochastic

process, Moments, Estimation, and Non-parametric statistics, etc.

• Mathematical tools, viz., Differential Equations, Partial differential

equations, Calculus, Matrix Algebra, Vector calculus, and
Trigonometry, etc.

• Other tools, viz., Graph theory, Combinatorial Analysis, Data

structures, Programming languages etc. 50
• Implement one of the research paper available and find the
limitations of the paper

• Identify the tools/ideas which can solve the research problem

effectively, such that one can improve the performance of the
existing paper

• Communicate the research papers only to standard

International Conferences

• The same idea with modifications/extensions can be

communicated to Journals

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• Initially, communicate the research papers to single
reviewer journals

• Thoroughly, discuss with various researchers working in

the area of work, without giving your idea

• Always speak about limitations and tools

• Dedication, Commitment, Perseverance are important for

the execution of the work

• Aim for Ph. D., with Quality in the work

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• Introduction, Literature survey, Three Contributory Chapters with
three publications, Conclusions result the thesis

• Avoid the plagiarism

• Try to solve the Industry oriented problem, so that it results Quality

work with necessary financial resources

• Submit the Project proposals to various funding agencies, such as

DST, UGC, AICTE etc

• Develop your own Laboratory for Research activity

• Enjoy your research while doing your PhD.

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OUTCOME OF THE RESEARCH FOR AN INDIVIDUAL

• Analytical skills

• Logical skills

• Presentation skills

• Communication skills

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 SPONSORED RESEARCH

• Submission of Project proposals to funding

agencies(UGC, AICTE, DST, DBT, DRDO, etc.,)

• Presentation of proposal

• Effective utilization of funds

• Submission of outcome

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 INDUSTRY ORIENTED RESEARCH

• Interaction with industry personnel

• Identifying the research problems

• Submission of the proposal for sanction of funds

• Interacting with experts from higher learning Institutions

• Effective utilization of the outcome

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PAPERS AND PATENTS

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 STAGES IN PUBLISHING
• Choice of a journal
• Manuscript preparation and submission
• Review
• Manuscript revision
• Editorial decision
• Copyright form
• Proof reading
• Publication

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Publication Index
Impact Factor

Author Indices
H index
i10 index
Citations

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 Impact Factor

In any given year, the impact factor of a journal is the number of

citations received by articles published in that journal during the two
preceding years, divided by the total number of articles published in
that journal during the two preceding years.

For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2015, then its

papers published in 2013 and 2014 received 3 citations each on
average in 2015.

Note that 2015 impact factor are actually published in 2016; they
cannot be calculated until all of the 2015 publications have been
processed by the indexing agency.

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 H index
The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity
and citation impact of the publication of a Scientist or a Scholar.

Formally, if f is the function that corresponds to the number of citations for each
publication, we compute the h-index as follows. First we order the values of f from
the largest to the lowest value. Then, we look for the last position in which f is
greater than or equal to the position (we call h this position).

For example, if we have a researcher with 5 publications A, B, C, D, and E with 10, 8,

5, 4, and 3 citations, respectively, the h index is equal to 4 because the 4th
publication has 4 citations and the 5th has only 3.
In contrast, if the same publications have 25, 8, 5, 3, and 3, then the index is 3
because the fourth paper has only 3 citations.
f(A)=10, f(B)=8, f(C)=5, f(D)=4, f(E)=3 → h-index=4
f(A)=25, f(B)=8, f(C)=5, f(D)=3, f(E)=3 → h-index=3

If we have the function f ordered in decreasing order from the largest value to the
lowest one,
we can compute the h index as follows:
h-index (f) = max min(f(i),i)
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 i10 - index
i10-Index = the number of publications with at least 10 citations.
This very simple measure is only used by Google Scholar, and is
another way to help gauge the productivity of a scholar.

Advantages of i10-Index
•Very simple and straightforward to calculate
•Citations in Google Scholar is free and easy to use

Disadvantages of i10-Index
•Used only in Google Scholar

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 Citations

A citation is a reference to a published or

unpublished source (not always the original source).

More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric

expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that
denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the
work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the
works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where
the citation appears.

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 Citation Index

A citation index is a kind of bibliographic index, an index of

citations between publications, allowing the user to easily
establish which later documents cite which earlier documents.

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 Intellectual Property Rights
What is Intellectual Property?
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind,
such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and
symbols, names and images used in commerce.

Patents.
Copyright.
Industrial design rights.
Plant varieties.
Trademarks.
Geographical Indications
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 STAGES IN PATENTING

 Approaching an attorney
 Manuscript preparation and submission
 Review
 Manuscript revision
 Decision

66
 THE ISSUE OF PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism
Using someone else’s research work in the form of ideas,
results or words and passing it off as one’s own work by
not giving credit to the original work.
Plagiarism is unethical and incorrect, but is widespread.
Tools for Plagiarism check
Viper- free download
(http://viper.en.softonic.com/)
Turnitin - to be purchased (http://turnitin.com/)

67
 English Language
The present tenses in English are used:
• To talk about the present
• To talk about the future
• To talk about the past when we are telling
a story in spoken English or when we are summarising
a book, film, play etc.

Tense Form

Present simple: I work

Present continuous: I am working

Present perfect: I have worked

Present perfect
I have been working
continuous:

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The past tense in English is used:
•To talk about the past
•To talk about hypotheses – things that are imagined
rather than true.
•for politeness.

Tense Form

Past simple: I worked

Past continuous: I was working

Past perfect: I had worked

Past perfect continuous: I had been working

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Tense to be used in writing Research Paper
Introduction : Present / Present Perfect
Literature survey : Past Tense
Conclusion : Present / Present Perfect

70
 Important points to be remembered
while writing the thesis

etc.,
, (End of sentence ... ,etc.)

,viz.,

,i.e.,

But,

•All Mathematical equations must be in Italic

71
While converting .doc to .pdf format, verify whether all
symbols are converted or not

Equations are to be followed by only ellipses . . . (3 dots-

Ellipses) and then equation number.

Comma is to be followed by certain words (However,

Thereafter, Thereby, Wherein, etc.)

All table captions are to be placed at the top of the table.

All figure captions are to be placed at the bottom of the

figures.

72
All references are to be mentioned in alphabetic order (Typical method).

If two authors are there for a paper, then two authors names are to be
separated by and (in references)

If more than two authors are there for a paper, then before the last
author’s name comma is to placed and write and then last author name (in
references)

When references are referred in text, Author last name is to be cited, but
not full name followed by [Reference Number].

When references are referred in text, (Two authors), then last names of
authors are to be cited, but separated by and.

 [Reference number] is to be followed by both authors’ names.

73
• When references are referred in text, (more than two authors), then last
name of the first author is to be cited followed by et al. [Reference Number]
(If it is end of the sentence), et al.,
• [Reference Number] is to be mentioned if it is in within the sentence.

• Times new Roman (12 font) for text

• Side headings (14 font) Times new roman

• Main Heading (16 font) Times new roman – Bold

• Header is to be included for every page as Chapter VI : Name of the

Chapter – left top of the page

74
Page no. is to be given at the Right top: 1/2“ from top flush with
right margin

Page no. is to be excluded on the page where chapter begins

Citation of any work referred is to be included - very important

Annexures should be given only at the end of the thesis

Line spacing is double space

Printing of thesis is only one side of page

75
•When you write the contents, List of symbols, List of
Abbreviations, List of Figures, List of Tables are to be given page
numbers in roman numbers (i, ii, iii, etc.). Subsequently, the
numbering may be given as (1, 2, 3, etc.)

•Abstract is to be preceded by Contents

•Authors publications are to be given in References also

•Authors publications are to reviewed in Literature survey also

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o Title cover
o Certificate
o Acknowledgements
o Abstract
o Contents
o list of abbreviations
o List of figures
o List of symbols
o List of tables followed by
o Chapter 1(Introduction),
o Chapter 2 (Literature survey but with some name of chapter,
do not give the chapter name as Literature survey)
o Chapter 3, Chapter 4, and Chapter 5 (Contributory chapters),
Chapter 6 (conclusions and Future directions)
o References
o Annexures
o List of Authors publications referred in Thesis,
o Publications (Main)
o Brief bio-data of one page with address, mobile no. and E-mail 77
 I, We, me, us should not be used(Passive voice is to be used for
writing the thesis)

 Chapter 6 presents the conclusions and future directions is not

correct, Concluding remarks and Future directions are given in
Chapter 6 is correct, follow the same procedure for the other
chapters also, while writing the organization of the thesis in the first
chapter or in any other chapter.

1.5” (left margin), 1” (Right, top, and bottom margins), then print
out may be taken

78
100 GSM paper may be used for taking the print out
Do not start the sentence with word “To”, but start
with “In order to”
Latest references are to be given and the details are
presented in text also

79
•When you write the thesis, redundancy is to be avoided.

For example, it should not be written as follows.

The steps of the algorithms are as follows.

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:

It should be written as follows

The steps of the algorithm are as follows
1.
2.
3.

80
•Abbreviations may be mentioned in the text. However, abbreviations should
not be mentioned, where it appears first time.

For example, Support Vector Machine (SVM), should be mentioned, when it is

mentioned first time. Subsequently, SVM is to be mentioned.

• Dr. / Ms. / Prof. should not precede the name of the author in research paper
or in references of the research paper / thesis

• Research paper should be authored by research scholar, supervisor, and co-

supervisor. If other experts help in the work, then the research scholar may
acknowledge his help at the end of the research paper, but should not include
as new author.

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82
 Industry 4.0 Technologies
 The steam machine – between 1760 and 1840 – characterized the first

industry Revolution
 The second was defined by the utilization of electricity in industrial
processes in the end of the XIX century
 The third revolution started in the decade of 1960 with the use of ICT

and industrial automation.

 The fourth industrial revolution – or Industry 4.0 – To build smart
factories by the integration of physical objects with digital technologies

emerged from several developed countries and it was consolidated

in a German public-private initiative

 The key element that characterizes this new industrial stage is the
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deep change in the manufacturing systems connectivity due to the
 Industry 4.0 Technologies
Integrated engineering systems
Digital automation with sensors and Internet of Things
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
3-D Printing
Simulations/Analysis of virtual models
Big data collection and analysis
Cyber security
Cloud services for products / Cloud computing

84
 Research Perspective
• Plan for integrating your research contribution with
Industry 4.0 Technologies
• Emphasize the advantages that can be derived by
integrating research contribution with industry 4.0
Technologies
• Application oriented contribution helps to Industry
and society
• Patenting of your contribution is highly desirable
• Collaboration with Industry and addressing Industry
problems

85
 Importance to Research in
National Education Policy 2020

• The research and innovation investment in

India is only
o 0.69% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
o 2.8% of GDP in USA
o 4.3% of GDP in Israel (with emphasis in
Agriculture)
o 4.2% of GDP in South Korea

86
 Establishment of
National Research Foundation
• Fund Competitive peer reviewed grant proposals of
all types and across all disciplines
• Seed, Grow and facilitate research at Academic
institutions
• Act as liaison between researchers and relevant
branches of Government as well as Industry, so that
research scholars are constantly made aware of the
most urgent National research issues
• Recognizing outstanding research and Progress

87
 Important features of
National Education Policy - 2020

•Holistic Development with Multi-disciplinary campuses

•Learner centric Education in lieu of Teacher Centric Education
•Multiple Exit & Multiple Entry
•Regional languages are emphasized
•GER to be increased from 28% to 50% by 2035
•Equity, Quality, Accessibility, Affordability and Accountability
•Knowledge, Skills & Values
•National Research foundation
•Autonomous Degree Awarding Institutions
•Teaching intensive and Research intensive insitutions
 Important features of
National Education Policy - 2020
• Internationalization of Higher Education
• Teacher Education
• Emphasize Vocational Education as a part of Higher Education
• Technology Enabled Education
• Establishment of Higher Education Commission with four
verticals, viz.,
National Higher Education Regulatory Council
 National Accreditation Council
 Higher Education Grants Council
 General Education Council
 Important features of NEP
NEP emphasizes
• Knowledge
• Skills
• Values

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 Important features of NEP
• Equity
• Quality
• Affordability
• Accessibility
• Accountability

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Thank you
Thank You

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